cousel lect 8

Operant Conditioning Principles

positive= add. negative= remove. Positive reinforce= add pleasant stimulus. Negative reinforce= remove adversive. Positive punish= add unpleasant. Negative punish= revolve pleasant

Applied Behavioural Analysis - Operant Conditioning - Extinction

withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response can be used for behaviours that have been maintained by positive or negative reinforcement can decrease or eliminate certain behaviours note

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviours - Incompatible =

the acceleration and deceleration behaviours cannot occur simultaneously

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviours - Activity

identify incompatible acceleration target behaviour. 1. Biting one's nails 2. Making self-deprecating statements

Behaviour Therapy - Relaxation Training (Jacobson, 1938)

aimed at achieving muscle & mental relaxation easily learned; clients need to practice daily for maximum results combined with other techniques (e.g., assertion training, desensitization) therapist leads client through progressive muscle relaxation procedure

progressive muscle relaxation procedure

Alternating between contracting & relaxing different muscle groups learn to mentally let go as well; focusing on a pleasant image/thought 4 to 8 hrs of instruction; habitual pattern if practiced for 25 minutes daily common use for stress & anxiety; psychosomatic difficulties

Systematic Desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)

clients imagine increasingly more anxiety provoking situations while engaging in a behaviour that competes with anxiety (e.g., relaxation) effective treatment for anxiety disorders, especially specific phobias.

Systematic Desensitization Interview

gather info regarding circumstances that elicit conditioned fears, client self-monitoring of target behaviour, create anxiety hierarchy;

Systematic Desensitization core

repeated exposure in the imagination to anxiety-evoking situations without experiencing any negative consequences

In Vivo Exposure & Flooding

designed to treat fears & other negative emotional responses by introducing clients to the situations that contributed to such problems, need to motivate & prepare client for prolonged exposure

in vivo

exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events; graduated series

flooding

in vivo or imaginal exposure for a prolonged period of time

in vivo flooding

reduces anxiety rapidly

imaginal flooding

for trauma (e.g., plane crash)

Social Skills Training broad category

deals with individual's ability to interact effectively with others in various social settings

treatment involves

psychoeducation, modeling, reinforcement, behavioural rehearsal, role play, feedback

assertion training

people have the right (but not the obligation) to express themselves. Therapist teaches & models desired behaviours client wants to develop, challenge negative self-statements/faulty thinking

role plays

reinforce correct aspects of behaviour & feedback to improve

Behaviour Therapy Contributions specific

able to translate unclear goals into concrete action plans techniques can be incorporated into other theoretical approaches wide variety of techniques used in medicine, pediatrics, rehab programs, stress management emphasis on research & assessment of treatment outcome, evidenced based therapy approach, emphasis on ethical accountability; transparency

Behaviour Therapy Criticisms

"changes behaviours but doesn't change feelings" "ignores important relational factors in therapy" "does not provide insight" "treats symptoms rather than causes" "involves control & manipulation by the therapist"

Cognitive Therapy & Rational Emotive Therapy share similarities with BT

active, directive,present-focused, problem oriented, collaborative, structured, empirical, use homework, explicit identification of problem & situations in which they occur

Ellis

emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, & reactions to life situations; irrational beliefs

Beck

the way people feel & behave is determined by how they perceive & structure their experience; cognitive distortions

Introduction to CBT - The various cognitive behavioral approaches share the following attributes

A present-centred, time-limited focus, An active and directive stance by the therapist, An educational treatment focusing on specific and structured target problems

Cognitive Therapy Three Main Theoretical Assumptions

1. people's internal communication accessible to introspection 2. clients' beliefs have highly personal meanings 3. these meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist symptom reduction occurs from forming a collaborative relationship with the client and engaging in therapy interventions that help to challenge & change clients' maladaptive beliefs (or thoughts)

Beck's Cognitive Therapy - Pattern that triggers depression is the following

Clients hold negative views of themselves "I am a lousy person."

Selective abstraction

Client interprets life events through a negative filter. "The world is a negative place where bad things are bound to happen to me."

Client holds a gloomy vision of the future

"The world is bleak and it isn't going to improve."

Generalized Cognitive Model

It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding psychological distress. Psychological distress can be thought of as an exaggeration of normal adaptive human functioning. Faulty information processing is a prime cause of exaggerations in adaptive emotional and behavioral reactions.

Basic Principles of CT

Psychological problems are an exaggeration of adaptive responses resulting from commonplace cognitive distortions. It is an insight-focused therapy with an emphasis on changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. Clients' distorted beliefs are the result of cognitive errors

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Therapeutic Aim

to use cognitive & behavioural techniques to challenge dysfunctional beliefs and to promote more realistic adaptive thinking.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Goal

correct faulty information processing & help clients modify thoughts or assumptions that maintain maladaptive behaviours & emotions. CBT initially addresses symptom relief, but its ultimate goal is to remove systematic biases in thinking. To change the way clients think!

The Cognitive Behavioural Model - Environment/Context

Cognitions/Thoughts, Affect/Feelings, Behaviours, Physical Reactions

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Basic Principles

People commit "logical errors" or engage in cognitive distortions that skew objective reality in the direction of self-deprecation

1. Arbitrary inferences

making conclusions without supporting & relevant evidence (includes catastrophizing)

2. Overgeneralization

see a single event as a never-ending pattern; holding extreme beliefs based on a single incident

3. Disqualifying the positive

rejection of positive experiences by insisting they "don't count" for some reason

4. Emotional reasoning

assumption that negative emotions necessarily reflect the way things really are

5. Magnification/minimization

You blow things way out of proportion or shrink their importance inappropriately

6. Dichotomous thinking

You look at things in absolute, black and white categories

7. Personalization & blame

Is a tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection