Coding, Capacity & Duration
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33 Terms
Coding what is it
Form information is stored in memory
What type of coding is mainly used in STM
Acoustic coding
What type of coding is mainly used in LTM
Semantic coding
Who researched coding in memory
Alan Baddeley 1966
How did Baddeley test coding
Participants recalled word lists acoustically or semantically similar or dissimilar
Baddeley finding for STM coding
Acoustically similar words recalled worst
Baddeley finding for LTM coding
Semantically similar words recalled worst
Conclusion of Baddeley study
STM mainly acoustic coding LTM mainly semantic coding
Capacity what is it
Amount of information that can be held in memory
Who researched STM capacity using digit span
Joseph Jacobs 1887
What is the digit span method
Participant recalls increasing sequences of numbers
Average STM digit span found by Jacobs
9 digits
Who proposed the magic number for STM capacity
George Miller 1956
What is Millers magic number
Seven plus or minus two items
What process can increase STM capacity
Chunking
What was found for letter span capacity
About 7 items
Duration what is it
Length of time information can be held in memory
Who researched STM duration
Peterson and Peterson 1959
What method did Peterson and Peterson use
Participants recalled trigram after counting backwards
Peterson and Peterson duration finding
Recall dropped after 18 seconds
What was recall after 3 seconds in Peterson and Peterson
About 90 percent
What was recall after 18 seconds in Peterson and Peterson
About 3 percent
Who researched LTM duration
Bahrick et al 1975
What method did Bahrick use
Recognition and free recall of high school classmates
Recognition accuracy after 15 years
90%
Recognition accuracy after 48 years
70%
Free recall accuracy after 15 years
60%
Free recall accuracy after 48 years
30%
Coding Limitation
Artificial Stimuli
low mundane realism
limited application
Coding Strength
Generalisable
72 participants
Anomalies can be ignored
Capacity Limitation
Results due to individual differences
8yr old 6.6, 19 yr old 8.6
Duration Limitation
Lacks Mundane Realism
P + P artificial stimuli
Lack of control
Bahrick et al participants may talk to some school mates more frequently, more memorable
Duration Strength
High Mundane Realism
Bahrick et al used everyday memories