Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Lutheran, LW, low/high prevalence antigens, compatible blood calculations, HLA/HPA/HNA, antibody basics, agglutination, and AHG testing

How many unique antigens are included in the Kell blood group system according to your reviewer?

36 antigens

How many Kell antigens are specifically noted as being of interest in your reviewer?

6 antigens

Which Kell antigens are listed as low-prevalence antigens in your reviewer?

Jsa, Kpa, K

Which Kell antigens are listed as high-prevalence antigens in your reviewer?

Jsb, Kpb, k

Within certain races, low-prevalence Kell antigens may occur more?

Frequently

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the K-k+ phenotype?

91%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the K-k+ phenotype?

98%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the K+k+ phenotype?

8.8%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the K+k+ phenotype?

2.0%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the K+k- phenotype?

0.2%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the K+k- phenotype?

Rare

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a-b+) phenotype?

97.7%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a-b+) phenotype?

100%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a+b+) phenotype?

2.3%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a+b+) phenotype?

Rare

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a+b-) phenotype?

Rare

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Kp(a+b-) phenotype?

0.0%

In the Kell system, what percentage of Black individuals have the Jsa antigen according to your reviewer?

20%

In the Kell system, Kpa occurs in over what percentage of White individuals?

2%

In the Kell system, K occurs in about what percentage of White individuals?

9%

In the Kell system, K occurs in about what percentage of Black individuals?

2%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a-b+) phenotype?

100%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a-b+) phenotype?

80%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a+b+) phenotype?

Rare

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a+b+) phenotype?

19%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a+b-) phenotype?

0.0%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of the Js(a+b-) phenotype?

1.0%

When an individual inherits two KEL genes that both produce the same low-prevalence antigen, the antithetical high-prevalence antigen is what?

Absent

What Kell phenotype lacks all KEL system antigens?

K0

Immunized K0 individuals produce what antibody that requires K0 blood for transfusion?

Anti-Ku

What Kell-associated phenotype expresses diminished amounts of KEL antigens and lacks Kx and Km?

McLeod

McLeod phenotype is associated with what red cell shape abnormality?

Acanthocytosis

McLeod phenotype is associated with what immune disorder abbreviation in your reviewer?

CGD

McLeod phenotype is also associated with what broad symptom category besides hematologic findings?

Neuromuscular symptoms

Immunized McLeod individuals may produce what antibodies?

Anti-Kx, anti-Km

Anti-k is produced by individuals with what Kell phenotype?

K+k-

Anti-k is usually what class and clinical significance?

IgG, significant

For transfusion, patients with anti-k must receive what type of blood?

Antigen-negative

Which Kell antibody is described as a common alloantibody?

Anti-K

Anti-Kpb is produced by individuals with what phenotype?

Kp(a+b-)

Anti-Jsb is produced by individuals with what phenotype?

Js(a+b-)

The gene responsible for the Duffy antigens is what gene?

ACKR1

The Duffy gene is located on which chromosome?

Chromosome 1

How many Duffy system antigens are listed in your reviewer?

5 antigens

Which three Duffy antigens are destroyed by proteolytic enzymes?

Fya, Fyb, Fy6

Which two Duffy antigens are resistant to proteolytic enzymes?

Fy3, Fy5

The four common Duffy phenotypes vary according to what factor?

Ethnicity

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a+b-)?

20%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a+b-)?

10%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a+b+)?

48%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a+b+)?

3%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a-b+)?

32%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a-b+)?

20%

In White individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a-b-)?

0%

In Black individuals, what is the prevalence of Fy(a-b-)?

67%

Which Duffy phenotype is associated with resistance to malaria according to your reviewer?

Fy(a-b-)

Individuals with Fy(a-b-) may produce what antibody to a high-prevalence Duffy antigen?

Anti-Fy3

Duffy system antibodies are generally what type in origin?

Immune origin

Duffy system antibodies are usually what immunoglobulin class?

IgG

Duffy system antibodies are considered clinically what?

Significant

Which Duffy antibody is seen more frequently, anti-Fya or anti-Fyb?

Anti-Fya

The gene responsible for Kidd antigens is what gene?

SLC14A1

The Kidd gene is located on which chromosome?

Chromosome 18

How many Kidd antigens are listed in your reviewer?

3 antigens

Which three Kidd antigens are listed in your reviewer?

Jka, Jkb, Jk3

Jka and Jkb are resistant to what treatment?

Proteolytic enzymes

Kidd antigens are described as poor what?

Immunogens

Kidd antibodies are usually what class?

IgG

Kidd antibodies are considered clinically what?

Significant

Kidd antibodies are capable of activating what system?

Complement

Reactivity of Kidd antibodies is enhanced if red cells are treated with what?

Enzymes

Kidd antibodies preferentially react with cells expressing what antigen pattern?

Double dose

Kidd antibody levels may decline over what?

Time

Kidd antibodies may become difficult to detect because their levels may do what?

Decline

Kidd antibodies are notorious for causing what type of transfusion reaction?

Delayed HTR

Which rare Kidd phenotype is noted in Chinese or Polynesian individuals?

Jk(a-b-)

Individuals with Jk(a-b-) also lack what high-prevalence Kidd antigen?

Jk3

The gene responsible for Lutheran antigens is what gene?

BCAM

The Lutheran gene is located on which chromosome?

Chromosome 19

How many Lutheran antigens are listed in your reviewer?

25 antigens

Which Lutheran antigen is low-prevalence?

Lua

Which Lutheran antigen is high-prevalence?

Lub

Lutheran antibodies are most often what class?

IgG

Lutheran antibodies are generally what type in origin?

Immune origin

Lutheran antibodies have been associated with delayed HTRs and what severity of HDFN?

Mild HDFN

Anti-Lua may be naturally occurring and can be what three immunoglobulin classes?

IgM, IgG, IgA

Anti-Lub is formed in individuals with what phenotype?

Lu(a+b-)

Anti-Lu3 is produced by individuals with what phenotype?

Lu(a-b-)

Anti-Lu3 reacts with all RBCs except those of what phenotype?

Lu(a-b-)

The gene responsible for Landsteiner-Wiener antigens is what gene?

ICAM4

The LW gene is located on which chromosome?

Chromosome 19

How many LW antigens are listed in your reviewer?

3 antigens

Which LW antigen is low-prevalence?

LWb

Which LW antigens are high-prevalence?

LWa, LWab

What is the LW-null phenotype called?

LW(a-b-)

D-positive red cells express more LW antigen than what other Rh category?

D-negative

Low-prevalence antigens occur in less than what percentage of the population?

1%

For antibodies to low-prevalence antigens, is it usually difficult or easy to find compatible blood?

Easy

Antibodies to low-prevalence antigens are hard to do what for?

Test

Antibodies to low-prevalence antigens may be suspected if AHG crossmatch is incompatible after ruling out positive DAT and what ABO issue?

ABO incompatibility