Comparative anatomy exam 3: topics 11 & 12

Respiratory system function

- bring in O2 & excrete CO2

- remove ammonia from body

- intake/excrete salts

- filters air/water

- gills have a lot of other functions

True or false: the greater the surface area the more places gas exchange can happen?

true

Which direction is breathing for gills?

Unidirectional; water goes through the mouth and out through the gills

Breathing with lungs is which direction?

bidirectional; air goes in and out through same direction & gasses may mix

Swim bladders are derived from?

lungs

What 2 purposes do swim bladders serve?

1. act as buoyancy control

2. returns blood to general circulation instead of heart

Respiratory swim bladders are predominantly found in what organisms?

Neopterygians (gars and bowfins)

physostomous swim bladder characteristics

- air is gulped in and forced into swim bladder

- fish must retain access to surface

- found in chondrostei and basal teleosts

physoclistous swim bladder characteristics

- gas gland releases lactic acid

- oval dilates to allow contact of capillaries with swim bladder

true or false: all vertebrates use cutaneous respiration to some extent?

true but it varies by group. Amphibians are the best skin breathers

How does the 2 stroke pump work?

1. Buccal cavity expands when floor of cavity opens. Mouth & oral valve open. Negative pressure is made and water is pulled in.

2. Mouth and oral valve close, floor of throat rises. Water flows out of gill chamber and out of body.

Air breathing bony fish and some amphibians use what type of system?

a 4 stroke system

How does the 4 stroke system work?

1. Buccal cavity expands drawing air from lungs or accessory organ into buccal cavity

2. buccal cavity contracts forcing air out thru mouth, nares and operculum

3. buccal cavity expands drawing air into nares or mouth

4. Buccal cavity contracts forcing air into lungs or accessory organs under positive pressure

true or false: birds have air sacs that penetrate the bones and make them lighter

true

What happens during inhalation 1?

oxygenated air is drawn into and over respiratory surface of lungs

What happens during exhalation 1?

deoxygenated air from lungs exits body, oxygenated air from posterior sacs is drawn into and over the respiratory surface of lungs

What happens during inhalation 2?

oxygenated air is drawn into and over the respiratory surface of the lungs

What happens during exhalation 2?

same thing as exhalation 1 as well as deoxygenated air from anterior sacs exit body

Mammals have what type of diaphragm?

a prehepatic diaphragm; it's bell shaped with the bell pointing anteriorly

What skin type does cutaneous respiration work best with?

mucus covered skin or in water

Circulatory function

- send O2 to tissues

- pick up CO2

- deposit nutrients

- pick up waste

- move hormones

- fight infections

Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin for what reason?

for oxygen uptake

Leukocytes are involved in what function?

immune response

The plasma is the liquid portion of the blood and contains what?

dissolved substances such as nutrients for cells & CO2

True or false: aortic arches are the vessels that service the gills?

true

In mammals, the left subclavian forms from?

the left systemic arch

In mammals, the right subclavian comes from?

right aortic arch IV and right dorsal aorta

True or false: In mammals the carotid duct and ductus arteriosus are lost?

true

In birds, which aortic arches are retained?

arches II, IV and VI

In birds, the ventral aorta splits into what?

left and right aortic arches and the pulmonary trunk

In birds and amniotes the systemic arches unite to form what?

the dorsal aorta

True or false: the ductus arteriosus and carotid ducts in birds is lost

true

Where is the sinoatrial valve located?

between sinus venosus and atrium

To pump blood, which parts of the heart contract?

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle and conus arteriosus

How does the heartbeat happen in mammals?

the AV node shunts the signal down the Purkinje fibers that run up the sides of the heart

What are the 3 parts of the systemic venous system?

1. vitelline veins of the yolk sac

2. cardinal veins from embryo's body

3. lateral abdominal vein from pelvic fin

The hepatic system runs from where to where?

from the intestines & stomach to the liver

Where does the hepatic portal vein empty?

empties blood into hepatic sinusoids

how does patent foramen ovale happen?

when the foramen ovale doesn't close

patent ductus arteriosus happens when?

when the ductus arteriosus doesn't close at birth

What drug is safest to use during pregnancy?

Ibuprofen over indomethacin

Ibuprofen can cause what to happen during pregnancy?

it can cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in 3rd trimester

The initial embryonic heart consists of what 4 chambers?

bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrium and sinus venosus

The lymph system function

returns fluid to circulatory system

Lymph nodes are?

lymphatic tissue wrapped in fibrous connective tissue