Drummond Italy and German unification and South America

Nationalism

Intense feeling of pride or loyalty to ones group or nation.

Driving force behind unification effort

Bonds that create a nation state

NATIONALITY: A belief in a common ethnic ancestry real or imagined. LANGUAGE: Different dialects (forms) of one language; one dialect chosen as the "national language" CULTURE: A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals) HISTORY: A common past, common experiences (real or imagined). RELIGION: A religion shared by all or most of the people. TERRITORY: A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic groups its "land"

Congress of vienna

Restoration of the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments

Risorgimento

The period of, or the movement for, the liberation and political unification of Italy, beginning about 1750 and lasting until 1870

Giuseppe Mazzini

"Father of Italian nationalism"/wanted Italian unification under a republican government

Camilo Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel. Achieved Italian unification with victor Emmanuel 11 as king

Giuseppe Garibaldi

"professional revolutionary" / liberated and unified Southern Italy /army of 1000 "red shirts" /preferred a united Italy under republican government but most important to him was a Unified Italy

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia and the first king of unified Italy

Red shirts

Leader was garibaldi

Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Nephew of Napoleon . Re-emerging French Empire . Sounded democratic Believed in personal rule and a centralized state .Made a deal with Cavour: . France promised Nice and Savoy (from Piedmont) Sardinia promised Lombardy and Venetia (from Austria)

Vatican City

Pope would continue to govern a section of Rome known as Vatican City

Rome

French troops move back into Rome Various threats to Rome by Italian groups from 1866 1870 With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, France returns troops to France to fight in the war Italy takes Rome after French defeat at Sedan Pope withdraws inside Vatican . Rome becomes capital of Italy

Legitimacy

Restore the monarchies and power

Compensation

Winners get paid (money,land) losers(FR) give up land and money

Concert of Europe

Alliance/agreement to work collectively to stop any one country from dominating politics or economics in Europe.

Balance of Power

Never again let any one country dominate politics or military as France did (Nap.)

Russification

Harsh rule and policy that forced other people's to adopt Russian ways.

Congress of Vienna

It's job was to undo everything that Napoleon had done ( reactionaries-turn back the clock)

Quadruple Alliance

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain

Creoles

White, ancestors from Spain. Middle class. Born in the Americas

Lead independence movement

Don't empower mulatto and metizo

Peninsulares

Born in Spain or Portugal.European Caucasian. Rich and upper class, controlled politics and government

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Metizos

people of Native American and European descent

Caribbean Islands

Doesn't get independence, to easy to control

Jose de San Martin

Muscle of the revolution, free Argentina, meets bolivar in Peru (goes up from south)

Jean Dessalins

T L'Ouverture next in command

T L' Ouverture

Led Haiti's Revolution. Put in jail and died

Augustin Iturbide

Decided to support Revolution. Overthrew Spanish government. Makes himself king

Jose Morelos

Starts revolution by lower class (peasants, Mestizo) but army crushes it

Liberals

Middle class, moderates. Wanted limited Constitutional monarchy.

Radicals

Working class, lower class. Want Democratic republic, get rid of king. Liberalism for everybody.

conservative

Rich and upper class nobles. Strong monarchy, don't want liberalism and democracy.

Latin America (geography)

Mexico all the way down to central and South America and some Caribbean islands(Cuba)

Democracy

Want vote for representatives. Make change.

Liberalism

Want certain rights guaranteed by law.

Realpolitik

Tough power politics

Monroe doctrine

US takes Texas and Mexican cession.

US gains independence or Cuba

Simon Bolivar

Brain of rev., great liberator, George Washington of South America, native Venezuelan🇻🇪

Bernardo O'Higgins

The chief revolutionary leader of Chilean independence.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister - designed C of Vienna

Louis 18th

When Napoleon got exiled Louis the 18th became king/emperor of France

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Louis Philippe

"Citizen King" of France who favored measures that benefited the middle class.

Charles X

He inherited the throne after Louis XVIII died. He tried to rule as absolute monarch.

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Wilhelm l

King of Prussia

Helmuth von Moltke

The nephew of Bismarck's most effective general. This man put the Schlieffen Plan into action.

Holy Alliance

League formed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia

Constitution

A written plan of government

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Imperialism

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

Young Italy Movement

Mazzini's failed republican cause for a unified Italy (supported by Garibaldi) back in 1848

unification

the joining of separate parts, such as kingdoms, into one

Blood and Iron

policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany

Berlin

Capital of Germany

Haiti Revolution

Led by Toussaint Overture- the first time slaves fought and obtained their freedom through force.