AVIT 250 Midterm

Which statement best describes perception?

the ability to gather sensory information

the ability to interpret sensory information

recognizing and interpreting patterns

(True or False) Context influences your perceptions?

True

What percentage of our perceptions comes from visual information?

80%

A pilot attempting to land a float plane on glassy water will likely?

have difficulty judging the height above the water

Compared to your central vision, your peripheral vision is better at which of the following skills in flight?

Orientation to your surroundings.

Kate typically flies in clear skies in New Mexico. Today she is taking a flight to French Valley airport in the Riverside Valley (California). The weather is 5-7 SM visibility with HZ. As Kate approaches the airport, how will her visual perception of the distance to the airport be different when compared to New Mexico?

the airport will appear farther away than it actually is.

In the evening, shadows falling across the runway make it seem shorter and wider than during the middle of the day, when the sun is high in the sky. Which of the following options describes the change in visual perception due to the effect of the shadows?

Extraneous cues.

Which statement is true?

The majority of the time in aviation operations, we are using our visual sense to gather information.

What effect does turbulence (vibration) have on your vision performance?

Your ability to focus on an object.

Your ability to track the movement of an object.

In Multiple Resource Theory "Processing Codes" are defined as?

the type of task that is performed

(True or False) Response selection and execution requires higher levels of cognitive activity to process information than perceptual and cognitive?

False

(True or False) Divided attention is defined as performing two or more tasks at the same time?

True

Which answer is an example of a task using "selective attention"?

scanning multi computer monitors

A key problem with focused attention is?

distraction

loss of situational awareness

In Multiple Resource Theory "Stages" are defined as?

the level of brain activity that is needed.

(True or False) Multiple Resource Theory describes human information processing?

True

Which statement is true concerning resources, as referred to in Wicken's Multiple Resource Theory?

Resources are defined as the brain's abilities to perform specific tasks.

Which statement is true?

Two separate resources can be used at the same time for a single task.

You are reading and answering your email as you are listening to a lecture. Which resource group, with regards to the Wicken's model, appears to have the greatest problem due to resource sharing?

Processing codes.

Which of the following types of attention is known to degrade due to resource sharing?

Divided

Which attention type is known to improve when the operator places gauges closer together for more efficient scanning?

Selective

Which attention type is associated with immediate loss of situation awareness?

Focused

(True or False) Transfer to long term memory occurs by phonetic coding?

False

(True or False) Short term memory uses all three coding systems (visual, phonetic, and semantic)?

True

Which statement about short term memory is true?

information will be more difficult to retrieve over time.

meaningful information is easier to remember

capacity is improved by chunking

The clearance delivery instructions were long and complex, and, in addition, were delivered rapidly over the ground control frequency. While you were paying attention, you weren't prepared to write the instructions down. Due to the large number of items to remember, you now find that you cannot recall all the information, even though it was just given to you moments before. This limitation is due to characteristics of your

short term memory.

What type of coding is used in short-term memory?

Phonetic

Semantic

Visual

Which type of memory can store and process information without using attention in order to function?

Sensory Memory

Which of the following statements regarding engrams is true?

Creation of engrams improves recall of information due to the development of the nerve pathway.

(True or False) Anomalies are pieces of information that fit our story?

False

(True or False) Judgement is considered a cognitive process?

True

(True or False) Recognition Primed Decisions (RPD) are decisions based on your experience with a situation or problem?

True

(True or False) Good judgment cannot be learned?

False

What statement best describes perceptual forms of judgment?

perceptual judgments are used when skills are well learned

Which of the following options regarding Recognition-Primed Decision-making is/are true?

This type of decision-making is dependent upon an individual's prior experience.

During your initial flight training, your instructor allows you to get some actual instrument flying during a lesson that goes quite well. Later, when on your VFR cross country, you try to run through some low lying clouds and survive a scary situation. The reason you attempted to do this was from your prior experience. Which option describes the problem that contributed to this poor judgment?

Vicarious learning.

A cognitive judgment is characterized by which of the following statements?

A cognitive judgment tends to involve unfamiliar settings and unclear information.

In Recognition-Primed Decision-making, several problems can impact the quality of our decisions. One of those problems is an anomaly. Which of the following options describes an anomaly?

A key finding that does not fit our explanation or past experiences.

The attitude indicator failed during a flight in instrument conditions. While your instructor was flying the aircraft, you were to evaluate the cause of the failure. Although you had passed your systems ground school, under the pressure of the situation you can not remember how the attitude indicator is powered. As a result, you were unable to identify the cause of the problem. Which option describes the problem that contributed to this poor judgment?

Impaired troubleshooting.

(True or False) Alternative generation skills require critical thinking skills like comprehension, synthesis, and application.

True

(True or False) Rational choice decisions depend on prior experience and knowledge?

False

What supporting skills are required during problem discovery?

your experience

procedures and systems knowledge

recently reviewed information

(True or False) Rational choice decision are more commonly used when options need to be created, instead of recalled.

True

(True or False) Background problems affect any aspect of the rational choice decision model?

True

When comparing Recognition-Primed Decision-making with the Rational Choice Model, you would expect to see

Rational choice decisions are more consistent between individuals, but generally take more time than recognition-primed decisions.

When flying over the mountains, a pilot heard a faint hum coming from the engine. He didn't remember that from before, but he now is uncertain if the sound is normal or a sign of trouble. Where in the rational choice decision-making model is this pilot?

Problem Discovery

The pilot in question 5 chose to perform a maneuver in violation of the regulations just to impress his friends. How would you categorize his need to impress his friends, in terms of the Rational Choice Decision Model?

Background

A pilot applicant to an airline has a prior FAR violation for making a dangerously low pass over a group of friends. He argues the low pass really wasn't dangerous and he only wanted to give his friends a scare. In which of the following steps did this pilot's decision model fail when he performed the low pass and was violated by the FAA?

Risk Analysis.

Which of the following options describes the skills needed for the risk analysis step in the rational choice decision model?

Assessing the likelihood of the success or failure of each option you are considering.

Which of the following statements about background aspects of the rational choice decision model is true?

Background aspects are a concern to airline operations because even though pilots undergo extensive training, this training may not overcome the pilot's background issues.

(True or False) Time pressure is more often a result of poor planning rather than an emergency?

True

Select the statement that best describes confirmation bias?

you favor information that favors your beliefs.

You really need to complete the cross-country flight tomorrow to get flight points. Weather predictions show marginal conditions. You find you only believe reports that show favorable weather, and reject adverse weather reports as outdated, inaccurate or unreliable. What bias does this represent?

Confirmation bias

Your multiple-choice exam is long and time limited. You decide to only read the key words in each question and option, instead of reading all the words, like you normally would do, to save time and complete more questions before you run out of time. This is an example of which of the following methods to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure?

Filtering information

During an emergency at the airport, and air traffic controller informed fire/rescue of an accident, but gave them the wrong runway location (17R instead of 17L). During a review, the administrator stated "I can't believe the controller doesn't know the runway numbers by now. What an idiot. All he needed to do was tell them the correct runway and he screwed that up." What bias do you see in the administrator's statements?

Hindsight bias

Your multiple-choice exam is long and time limited. You decide to answer each question as soon as you find the correct answer instead of reading all the options, like you normally would do, to save time and complete more questions before you run out of time. This is an example of which of the following methods to increase the speed of your performance during time pressure?

Altering strategies

Which option is most correct with regards to human bias?

Bias is a way our assumptions from prior experience can influence our decisions.

An alarm was repeatedly sounding in the air traffic control center when system testing was being performed. Later that day, the same alarm sounded for a real emergency, but when questioned later, none of the controllers said they even heard the alarm. Recordings showed the alarm had sounded. Why did the controllers not perceive it?

habituation

(True or False) Intentional behavior that is performed as expected, yet is inadequate or inappropriate for the situation is considered a skill-based errors.

False

Select the statement that best describes perceptual errors?

misreading the altimeter.

(True or False) Exceptional violations are considered habitual in nature and tolerated by the supervisory level?

False

(True or False) Attention and memory failures are common decision based errors?

False