Psych Test 3 (Spring) Quizzes

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning so that he can maintain a daily routine. Max best illustrates

psychological dependence.

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

manifest

One theory suggests that the brain activity associated with ________ is helpful for developing and preserving neural pathways in the brain.

dreaming

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they

strongly expect that they can be hypnotized.

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should

wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

What is most likely to occur when the brain is repeatedly flooded with artificial opiates?

The brain stops producing endorphins.

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm.

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea.

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has

reduced his self-awareness.

A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of

object permanence

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a:

drawing of a human face

The rooting reflex refers to a baby's tendency to

Open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek

Infant monkeys raised with a nourishing wire mother and a non-nourishing cloth mother:

preferred the non-nourishing cloth mother

At age 12, Jeff is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that his parents are:

authoritative

When adults of varying ages were tested for their memory of a list of 24 words, the older adults demonstrated

a decline in recall but not in recognition

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's hot dog into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt that she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of

conservation

According to Erikson, __________ is to infancy as __________ is to adolescence.

trust; identity

Which of the following stage of Erikson's Stages of Development does a child first find themselves judged by others outside of their families (such as receiving grades)?

Industry v. Inferiority

Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on

differences between males and females in the course of moral development

Research indicates that most abusive parents were

themselves battered or neglected as children.

Marlys is sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to:

form a lifelong attitude of basic trust towards the world

In the movie "Ice Age 3" Sid the Sloth witnesses the hatching of three baby dinosaurs. These babies came to the conclusion that he was their mother. This is an example of

imprinting

Phyllis, a 28-year old heroin addict, is pregnant and continues to use. In all likelihood, her baby will be born

a heroin addict

A child believes that all birds can fly, yet comes to realize that a penguin is a bird. Which of the following terms was used by Jean Piaget to refer to this developmental process of changing one's ways of thinking in order to incorporate new information?

Accommodation

In pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with an insecure maternal attachment are most likely to

show indifference or hostility when their mothers approach them after a brief absence.

All of the following are obstacles that boys have to face at higher rates than girls during adolescents EXCEPT

maturing at a faster rate

Mr. Johnson spends time each day caressing and rocking his infant daughter. This time together should serve most directly to promote

attachment

Although Mr. Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel, his 5-year old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching. Before Mr. Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate, he should be alerted to Piaget's concept of

egocentrism

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Postconventional

Morgan made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students' poor performance on their geography examination when she said which of the following?

"The students just do not care enough about their grades."

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of

stereotypes.

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?

We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior.

After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of

deindividuation.

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted.

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

At a conscious level, Jordan doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from his own. Jordan's experience best illustrates the distinction between

explicit and implicit bias.

Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if

the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a(n) ________ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.

more; less

Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

Birds of a feather flock together.

Michael is a white student attending a university who now finds himself on academic probation for his poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Michael has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

the scapegoat theory.

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the

emergency is being observed by a number of other people.

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

frustration-aggression principle.

People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of

the mere exposure effect.

After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be

more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates

altruism.

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

self-disclosure.

Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to generally

get into more arguments and fights.

In the Stanford prison simulation, participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, guards or prisoners. After a few days, the prisoners staged a failed revolt and were consequently punished and humiliated by the guards. How did the researchers explain the abusive behavior of the guards?

The guards were influenced by their role and the situation.

What is the main difference between "classical conditioning" and "operant conditioning"?

classical conditioning involves natural reactions, operant conditioning involves learned conscious behavior

When Steve cannot get to sleep, he picks up a copy of one of his school textbooks to read and help him fall asleep. According to the theory of associative learning, what will be the result of this action.

Steve will be tired when he reads the book in class

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, __________ occurred.

extinction

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ______ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to _______.

punishment; reinforcement

Which of the following is the best example of shaping?

A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

Jake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than an hourly wage. Jake is working on a ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

What is a possible negative effect in using physical punishment to reprimand a child for bad behavior?

it teaches them that they can get what they want from others through physical force

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

learned helplessness.

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll

imitated the adult's actions.

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

generalization.