Practice Exam Vocabulary and Concepts

Flashcards based on a diverse set of exam practice questions covering biology, chemistry, math, and physics concepts.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A brain disorder mentioned in the context of prions and diagnosis confusion with diseases like Alzheimer’s or Kuru.

Prion

An agent mentioned as being associated with brain tissue consumption in New Guinea and neurodegenerative diseases.

Triose phosphate isomerase

An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate within the glycolysis pathway.

Phosphofructokinase

An enzyme that catalyses the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Krebs Cycle Net Yield

The products of one cycle, including $3\,NADH$, $1\,FADH_2$, $1\,GTP$, and $2$ molecules of $CO_2$.

Beta oxidation

A metabolic pathway through which fatty acids are broken down by removing two carbon atoms at a time.

Respiratory Chain

The series of membrane proteins and mobile molecules through which energy stored in reduced coenzymes is used for the synthesis of $ATP$.

Troponin

A protein whose binding to calcium is necessary for the regulation of the actin-myosin complex.

Actin-myosin complex dissociation

A process promoted by the binding of $ATP$ to the complex.

Allosteric site

A specific site on an enzyme where an inhibitor can bind to prevent the substrate from binding to the enzyme.

Creatine phosphate

A high-energy molecule found in muscle tissue used for rapid energy mobilization.

DNA-containing organelles

The specific group of cellular structures comprising the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Exergonic Reactions

Chemical reactions that release energy and occur spontaneously.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for producing collagen and minerals to build the bone matrix.

Insulin

A hormone that stimulates glucose uptake in muscle and inhibits fatty acid synthesis.

Ideal Gas Law

A fundamental equation in chemistry represented as $PV = nRT$.

Ionic Bond

An interaction occurring between two atoms with very different electronegativity values.

Activation Energy

The energy barrier that reactants must overcome to transform into products during a chemical reaction.

Benzene Structure

A molecule where all carbon atoms are $sp^2$ hybridized and the structure is planar.

Pauli Exclusion Principle (Orbital Occupancy)

The rule stating an orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons with antiparallel spins.

Cartesian Product

The set of all possible ordered pairs where the first component is from set A and the second is from set B.

Fluid Pressure Interaction

The physical principle that fluids exert forces that are always perpendicular to the container walls at every point.