8th Grade Science STAAR

Electron

negatively charged subatomic particle found orbiting around with a mass that is very very small

Valence Electron

electrons found on the outer most shell of an atom

Highly Reactive

1 or 7 valence electrons

Somewhat Reactive

2-6 valence electrons

Stable

8 valence electrons

5 Physical Changes

1. State of Matter

2. Solubility (how easily it dissolves)

3. Size

4. Shape

5. Same substance

Balanced Forces

opposite forces are equal, causes things to remain at rest or at a constant speed

Speed Definition

the distance something travels over time

Acceleration Defintion

change in speed

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

an object at rest or in motion remains until acted on by an outside force

Newton's Second Law (F = M/A)

it requires more force to slow down or speed up an object with more mass

Crescent Moon

sliver of moon is seen

Quarter Moon

half of the moon is seen

Lunar Month

28 days

HR Diagram

tool we use to classify stars

Divergent Boudaries

plates move away from one another, making trenches and mid-ocean rifts

Convergent Boundaries

plates move toward one another, making mountains and volcanoes

Transform Boundaries

plates sliding against one another, making earthquakes and fault lines

Topographic Maps

way to map out and show elevation

Energy Pyramid

shows how energy is transferred from producers to consumers

Omniovre

eats plants and meat (animals)

Decomposers

breaks down dead or decaying organisms

Selective Breeding

the selection and breeding of organisms with desired traits

Eukaryotic Cells

have a nucleus and are found in multi-cellular organisms like plants and animals

Integumentary System

protects the body (skin)

Endocrine System

regulates the body through hormones and glands

Contour Lines

a line on a map that connects points of the same elevation

Conduction

transfer of heat from contact with a direct heat source

Coriolis Effect

Earth's rotation causes moving air and water to appear to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere

Cold Front

causes temperatures to drop and rain occurs (in the form of thunderstorms)

Stationary Front

causes clouds and rain happen (flooding can occur)

Occluded Front

causes cloudiness and rain

Igneous Rock

rocks formed through the cooling of lava or magma

Proton

positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a mass of one amu

Neutron

neutral charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a mass of one amu

Atomic Mass

protons + neutrons

Atomic Number

number of protons

Elements

made of one type of atom with a capital letter (ex: B, Lb, H)

Compounds

made of more than one type of atom with more than one capital letter (ex: KF, NsCl, HO)

Potential Energy

energy of an object at rest (not moving)

Kinetic Energy

energy of an object in motion

Speed

speed = distance/time

Force

force = (mass)(acceleration)

Density

density = mass/volume

Unbalanced Forces

opposite forces are unequal, causes things to speed up or slow down

Newton's Third Law (Action/Reaction)

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Waxing

light is on the right getting BRIGHT

Waning

sounds like raining light on the left getting DARK

Producers

make their own energy

Herbivore

eats only plants

Scavenger

eats dead or decaying organisms

Predator

the animal that does the hunting

Prey

the animal that is hunted

Parasite

infects the hosts and harms it

Host

the animal that provides a home for the parasite

Competition

when multiple organisms eat the same food

Sexual Reproduction

two parents with diverse offspring

Plant Cells ONLY

1. have a cell wall

2. chloroplasts capture energy from the sun

3. large vacuole for storage

Both Plant and Animal Cells

1. have nucleus where DNA is found

2. mitochondria which is the power house of the cell

3. ribosomes make protein

Nervous System

the control system of the body

Contour Intervals

difference in elevation between two adjacent lines on a map

Weathering

the mechanical or chemical process that breaks down rocks in to smaller pieces

Erosion

process by which water, ice, wind and gravity remove and transport sediment

Convection

flow of heat through currents of gases and liquids

Wind

movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Atom

small particle that everything is made of

Metals

ductile, malleable, shiny and good conductors

Metalloids

share properties of both metals and nonmental

Non-Metals

dull, not ductile, not malleable and poor conductors

Organic Compunds

contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen (carbon is most important)

6 Evidence of Chemical Reactions

1. Light

2. Bubbles

3. Color change

4. Odor/Taste

5. Forms a solid (precipitate)

6. Temperature change

Velocity defintion

speed with a direction

Gibbous Moon

most of the moon is seen

Plate Tectonics

explains the structure of earths crust and why earth's features shift

Weather Maps

way to show and predict upcoming weather patterns

Consumers

eat other organisms for energy

Carnivore

eats only meat (animals)

Natural Selection

when organisms have traits that help them survive and reproduce

Prokaryotic Cells

no nucleus, found in unicellular organisms like bacteria and fungi

Asexual Reproduction

one parent and all offspring are the same

Animals Cells ONLY

1. lysosomes for digestion

Excretory Systems

waste production/removal

Sediment Deposition

when weathered rocks are moved and dropped into a new place by water, ice, wind and gravity

Radiation

transfer of heat through waves

Warm Front

causes temperatures to rise and rain occurs

Sedimentary Rock

rocks that have layers of different eroded sediments

Metamorphic Rock

rocks that form due to heat and pressure

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