Endocrinology: Hormones of the Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and details related to endocrinology, specifically focusing on the hormones produced by the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, their functions, and associated conditions.

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, GH.

What does TSH stand for?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Which hormone is controlled by Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH)?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

What is the function of ACTH?

It initiates and maintains the development of the adrenal gland.

What condition results from decreased thyroid activity before birth?

Cretinism.

What causes goitre in the thyroid gland?

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or iodine deficiency.

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Thinning hair, puffy face, and slow heartbeat.

What hormone is associated with stress response from the pituitary?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

What role does oxytocin play in lactation?

Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary gland.

How long is the plasma half-life of ADH?

15 to 30 minutes.

What are the effects of hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss, increased appetite, and fine brittle hair.

What causes excessive production of thyroid hormones in hyperthyroidism?

Graves' Disease.

What does MSH stand for and its function?

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone; it affects melanin production.

Which hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH).

What are the target organs of FSH?

Ovaries and testes.

How does cortisol function in chronic stress?

Prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' response.

What kind of hormone is GH?

Peptide hormone.

Which hormones does the hypothalamus release that affect the anterior pituitary?

GnRH, CRH, TRH, GHRH, and PRH.

What are the main targets of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males?

Leydig cells in testes.

What is the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the population?

0.01 - 0.08%.

What is the consequence of high levels of ADH in the body?

Decreased urine output and increased water retention.

What is the primary function of prolactin?

Development and production of milk in the mammary gland.

Which hormone stimulates thyroid hormone release from the thyroid gland?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

What causes the symptoms of myxedema in adults?

Severe hypothyroidism.

What is the structure of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

Glycoprotein with an alpha and beta chain.

What physiological effect does growth hormone (GH) have?

Stimulates the growth of peripheral tissues.

What disorder can be caused by a lack of growth hormone in children?

Dwarfism.

What kind of feedback operates on TSH secretion?

Negative feedback from thyroid hormones.

What is a common treatment for primary hypothyroidism?

Thyroid hormone replacement.

Which gland responds to increased levels of ACTH?

Adrenal cortex.

What triggers the release of oxytocin during childbirth?

Cervical dilation and uterine contractions.

What effect does alcohol have on ADH secretion?

It inhibits ADH release, causing increased urine production.

What is the relationship between FSH and estrogen secretion in females?

FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by follicular cells.

What is the function of the pars intermedia?

Produces Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH).

What hormonal abnormality may be accompanied by exophthalmos?

Hyperthyroidism.

How does excess growth hormone manifest in adults?

Acromegaly.

What changes can occur in the skin with hypothyroidism?

Thickened dry skin and puffiness.

What role does the hypothalamus play concerning the pituitary gland?

It regulates hormone secretion through releasing factors.

What is the primary secretion from corticotropes?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).

What are the short-term effects of stress mediated by ACTH?

Increased release of cortisol within seconds.

What clinical condition arises from untreated congenital hypothyroidism?

Severe mental retardation due to CNS development failure.

What type of hormone is prolactin?

Polypeptide hormone.

What is the average duration of oxytocin's half-life?

2 to 4 minutes.

What motivates the secretion of growth hormone?

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH).

Which part of the pituitary is primarily responsible for hormone production?

Anterior pituitary.

What occurs when there is a deficiency of iodine in the diet?

Increased levels of TSH and potential goitre.

What developmental role does GH have in children?

Regulates overall growth and development.

Which hormone is released in response to high blood volume or high blood pressure?

ADH.

What is the relationship between ADH and kidney function?

ADH increases water reabsorption, reducing urine volume.

What is the effect of luteinizing hormone on the ovarian follicle?

Causes luteinization after ovulation.

What can excessive GH result in during childhood?

Gigantism.

What effect does TRH have on the anterior pituitary?

Stimulates the release of TSH.

What hormone regulates absorption of water in the kidney?

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH).