final o chem

Cholesterol belongs to what type of lipid?

Steroid

What structural feature makes a molecule a steroid?

Four fused carbon rings

Which fatty acid is solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acid

Which fatty acid is liquid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fatty acid

Why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

They pack tightly together

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Double bonds create kinks that prevent tight packing

What is hydrogenation?

Addition of hydrogen across C=C double bonds

Why is margarine solid?

Some double bonds are converted to single bonds during hydrogenation

Commercial vegetable oils are converted into solid fats by what process?

Hydrogenation

What are the products of saponification of a triglyceride?

Glycerol + fatty acid salts (soap)

What are the products of hydrolysis of a triglyceride with HCl?

Glycerol + fatty acids

Glycerophospholipids contain what two features that allow interaction with water and lipids?

Polar head and nonpolar tails

What phospholipid contains fatty acids but no glycerol?

Sphingomyelin

Waxes are made from what?

Long-chain fatty acid + long-chain alcohol

What describes the plasma membrane?

Fluid mosaic model

Why is the membrane called fluid?

Lipids and proteins move within the membrane

Why is it called mosaic?

Different proteins are embedded throughout the membrane

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Phosphate head

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Fatty acid tails

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acid

What part of amino acids differs from one amino acid to another?

R group (side chain)

What bond links amino acids together?

Peptide bond

What functional groups form a peptide bond?

Amino group + carboxyl group

What type of bond is O–C=O?

Ester bond

What are two types of secondary protein structure?

Alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet

What force stabilizes alpha helices and beta sheets?

Hydrogen bonding

Partial charge on H of N-H?

Partial positive (δ+)

Partial charge on O of C=O?

Partial negative (δ−)

What causes protein denaturation?

Heat, acids, bases, heavy metals

What level of protein structure is amino acid sequence?

Primary structure

What level is alpha helix and beta sheet?

Secondary structure

What level is overall 3D folding?

Tertiary structure

What level contains multiple protein chains?

Quaternary structure

What base is found in RNA but not DNA?

Uracil

What sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

What sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What is a nucleoside?

Base + sugar

What is a nucleotide?

Base + sugar + phosphate

What bases are purines?

Adenine and guanine

What bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

DNA base pairing?

A-T and G-C

RNA base pairing?

A-U and G-C

Primary amine?

N attached to 1 carbon

Secondary amine?

N attached to 2 carbons

Tertiary amine?

N attached to 3 carbons

Functional group of an amide?

C=O attached to N

Which is generally more basic: amines or amides?

Amines

Caffeine is more soluble in boiling water or cold water?

Boiling water

Which solvent extracts caffeine in your lab?

Ethyl acetate

Why use ethyl acetate?

Caffeine is more soluble in it than wat