Chapter 22 PP notes

Why do companies update systems?

CAITITU:

Create competitive advantage

Aging systems need replacement

Increase productivity

Technology changes

Integrate multiple systems 

To improve biz process 

User or biz changes 

Many times what is the reason for user and business changes?

Technology changes

Most software development projects …

deliver less, cost more, and take longer than expected

What is a CFOs favorite word?

NO

What is the systems development life cycle (SDLC)?

1. System Analysis

2. Conceptual Design

3. Physical Design

4. Implementations and Conversion

5. Operations and Maintenance

What must be done and considered throughout the life cycle?

Planning and behavioral aspects

System Planning analysis is

lack of planning and analysis meaning the thinking thru everything you can before anything is designed and implemented so rushing this results in the failures from above

Who are the most important people involved in the SDLC?

Management and users

Who is involved in the SDLC?

Management

Users

Information Systems Steering Committee

Project Development Team

System Analysis

Programmers

What does the Information systems steering committee do?

Executive level, plans and oversees I S functions; facilitates coordination with integration of systems activities

What does the Project Development team do?

Plan and monitor project process

What is system analysis?

determine information needs and prepare specifications for programmers

What do programmers do?

Write and test programs according to analysts specifications

What do users do?

communicate needs to system developers, help design and test to ensure complete and accurate processing of data

What does management do?

get users involved in the process, provide support for development projects, align projects to meet organizations strategic needs

What two plans are needed for Systems development?

Project Development Plan

Master Plan

What is the project development plan?

Specific to a project and authored by the project team; identifies people, hardware, software, and financial resources needed 

What is the master plan?

Long-range and authored by steering committee outlining prioritized projects and timetables

What are objective of systems analysis?

1. Gain an understanding of the existing system (if one exists)

2. identify and understand problems

3. express identified problems in terms of information needs and system requirements

4. clearly identify subsystems to be given highest priority

Implementing new technologies could create what kind of issues?

security, privacy, and storage issues

Reasons for returning to a prior SDLC phase

From operation and maintenance → implementation and conversion (implementation incomplete)

From Implementation and conversion → physical design (errors or problems that do not allow implementation to be completed)

From physical design → conceptual design (inadequate or incorrect design blueprint)

From conceptual design → systems analysis (change in scope or requirements)

What are types of planning techniques?

Program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

Gantt chart

What is the PERT?

diagram that depicts all project activities that require time and resources with completion estimates. Determines critical path.

What is the Gantt chart?

bar chart that organizes activities on the left-hand side and project time scheduled with a bar drawn to show the progress to data for that particular activity

What should an organization consider during the systems analysis phase?

whether the planned system achieves its practical goals

What aspects should be considered for feasibility analysis?

Economic

Technical

Legal

Scheduling

Operations

What questions are asked for economic aspect?

do the benefits of the new system justify the costs (time, money, and resources) to implement?

What questions are asked for technical aspect?

can we use existing technology?

What questions are asked for legal aspect?

does a new system comply with regulations, laws, and contractual obligations?

What questions are asked for scheduling aspect?

can the system be developed in the time allotted?

What questions are asked for operational aspect?

do we have access to the people to design and implement the system? Will people use the new system?

What should organizations use capital budgeting for?

to help prioritize corporate investments based on their return on investment

What are elements of economic feasibility?

payback period

net present value

internal rate of return

Why do behavioral problems occur?

Fear

Lack of top-management support

Bad prior experiences

Poor communication

Disruption

Manner change is introduced

Biases and emotion

Personal characteristics and background

What are the TOP 2 reasons behavioral problems occur?

Employee fear and lack of top-management support

How to prevent behavioral problems? MAP TO RACK

Meet user needs 

Allay fears, and stress new opportunities 

Provide training

Test the system prior to implementation

Obtain management support for the project 

Reexamine performance evaluation to align with project 

Avoid emotionalism 

Keep communication lines open 

Control users expectations

What are the Steps in System Analysis? IS-FIS

Initial investigations

Survey

Feasibility

Information needs and system reqs

Systems analysis report