Anatomy & Physiology General

Levels of Organization

Cell, Tissues, Organ, Organ System

Nucleus

Stores DNA, directs cellular activities (Organelle)

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis (DNA into proteins) (Organelle)

Lysosome

Contains enzymes for digestion/recycling of cellular components (Organelle)

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and distributes proteins and lipids throughout the cell (Organelle)

Mitochondria

Generates ATP (Organelle)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesize proteins (rough); synthesize lipids (smooth) (Organelle)

Cell Membrane

Encloses cell contents and controls what enters/leaves (Organelle)

Epithelial Tissue

Forms the linings of organs and covers external surfaces. Acts as a protective barriers and helps in secretion and absorption. (ex. skin outer layer , digestive tract lining)

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects other tissues. Includes blood, bone, cartilage, and fat. (ex. tendons, ligaments, and bone)

Muscle Tissue

Generates movement by contracting and relaxing. Three types: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth. (Skeletal = movement, Cardiac = heart, Smooth = in organs)

Nervous Tissue

(Tissues) —> Transmits signals throughout the body, Made up of nervous and supporting cells. (ex. brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves)

Integumentary System Parts

Skin, hair, and nails

Integumentary System Function

Protective barrier, temperature regulation, sensory perception

Musculoskeletal System Parts

Bones and muscles

Musculoskeletal System Function

Structural support, movement, and joint function

Nervous System Parts

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain & Spinal Cord; Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Nerves

Nervous System Function

Controls and coordinates bodily functions through chemical signals. Responsible for voluntary actions (waving hello) and involuntary actions (breathing). Plays role in sensing environment, processing info, and initiating a response.

Endocrine System Parts

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas. With a hormone focus, reproductive organs are included.

Endocrine System Function

Regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue function, and mood. Maintain homeostasis (hormone level in the bloodstream). Play a key role in reproduction and stress response.

Cardiovascular System Parts

Heart and Blood vessels

Cardiovascular System Function

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Removes carbon dioxide and other waste products. Plays a crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, regulating temperature, and transporting hormones.

Respiratory Function Parts

Lungs, airways, and diaphragm

Respiratory Function Function

Oxygenates the blood, removes carbon dioxide, role in regulating blood pH, and maintain acid-base balance.

Gastrointestinal System Parts

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Gastrointestinal System Function

Convert food into energy and nutrients, absorb nutrients into bloodstream to be transported, and eliminates undigested food and waste products

Renal System Parts

Kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Renal System Function

Filters and removes waste from blood, maintain electrolyte, fluid, and acid-base homeostasis.

Reproductive System Parts

Male: testes, prostate; Female: ovaries, uterus

Reproductive System Function

Production and fertilization of gametes and hormone secretion

Lymphatic & Immune Systems Parts

Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels. White blood cells, antibodies, cytokines, and other organ systems.

Lymphatic & Immune Systems Functions

Provide host defense mechanisms to protect from infectious diseases. Plays a role in fluid regulation.