Kine & PH Exam 2

Hypokinetic Disease: Definition, Examples, Consequences**

Def: Below normal movement

Examples/Consequences: Heart Disease and Diabetes

Healthy People 2030 and What Are The Physical Activity Goals?**

Definition: a set of goals and objectives with 10-year targets designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention efforts to improve the health of all people in the U.S.

Goals: achieve, create, promote

Achieve: Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups

Create: Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all

Promote: Promote quality of life, health development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages

Human Movement vs PA vs Exercise vs Fitness (Defined)**

Human Movement: The foundation of physical activity

P.A.: Involves any bodily movement such as walking to and from work, taking the stairs instead of elevators, and escalators, gardening, and doing household chores

Exercise:  A type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent of improving or maintaining fitness levels

Fitness: A set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related (5 health, 6 skill)

What is physical activity and how is it similar to and different from exercise, fitness, and sedentary behavior?**

P.A.: Involves any bodily movement such as walking to and from work, taking the stairs instead of elevators, and escalators, gardening, and doing household chores

Similar: all contribute to your health in some form

Different: human movement at different degrees

What is the Dose Response Debate about? 2 Types**

Physical Activity: shows how much movement people need to do to maximize benefits

Sedentary: not as well defined; the more breaks we can take to break up sedentary time is good

Can you be sedentary and physically active at the same time?*

By our definition, yes

How much physical activity is needed to achieve health goals and how are we doing as a nation at meeting those standards? What are PA recommendations for adults? Children? For cardio and strength?****

Need to achieve: 10,000 steps a day

How we’re doing: 1/3 youth meet guidelines, most adults are far from meeting guidelines

Adults: 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous, 2-3 days a week of strength training

Children: 1 hour everyday + 3 days vigorous play, cardio everyday + muscle & bone strengthening 3 days

Health Fitness vs. Motor Fitness + their components**

Health Fitness: Related to the promotion of wellness and quality of life; ability to perform activities of daily living without undue fatigue; Components: Cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition

Motor Fitness: Sometimes called performance, skill, or neuromotor fitness; has a primary focus on motor performance; Components: Agility, balance, coordination, power, speed; sometimes includes strength, reaction time, proprioception, gait, and others

Describe the health benefits of physical activity and the risks that come from inactivity**

Benefits: regular physical activity greatly reduces our risk of - dementia, hip fractures, depression, breast cancer, colon cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality

Risks: higher chance of early death, coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, some cancer risks, falls, and depression

Mismatch Diseases

result of mismatch between how we were designed to live vs how we actually do

What is the difference between MVPA and VPA?

MVPA: Combines moderate and intense exercise (Running and walking)

VPA: Only high intensity effort (HIIT)

Are there health disparities and social determinants of health influenced on PA?

Yes, they have a profound impact on health outcomes

Sarcopenia

Age related muscle mass, strength, and/or performance loss

Comorbidity

coexisting medical conditions that may or may not be related

Are we less active than we used to be? What happened? What’s changed in our lifetime to make people more or less active?

Yes, Fewer jobs and household chores require physical labor + technology, transportation

Less school PE and recess during school and childhood in general, sometimes PE was horrible and turned people off movement, childhood play has become more formal and scheduled

What has changed in our world over the last 100 years to increase the amount of sedentary living?

Laundry is done differently, tv is on demand all the time when it used to go off at midnight, a lot of technology does things for us

What is the difference between sedentary, physically active, and physically inactive?**

Sedentary: Excessive sitting or lying down for a long time with minimal P.A.

Physically Active: engaging in regular bodily movement

Physically Inactive: Didn’t meet the recommended PA guidelines

What are some individual and environmental factors that influence physical activity and sedentary choices?

Individual: Attitude, motivation, demographics

Environmental: Access to sidewalks, bike routes, parks, pools, green spaces, trails

What are some intervention points to break the cycle of sedentary lifestyles? Are school and work based interventions effective? What are examples?**

Intervention points to break cycle: Substitute sitting with standing or walking

School: More frequent PE and teacher giving breaks for P.A. opportunities + recess

Work: Change the space with standing desks or walking pads at desk

Point of Decision Prompts

Most successful when a part of a broader campaign and targeted to specific targets

What are the dose response questions when it comes to sedentary? P.A.?**

Sedentary: Is there a certain amount of time where sitting is worse? Is there any amount of exercise we can do to counteract sitting?

P.A.: What amount gives the best health outcome? How much is too much before it becomes harmful?

Body composition is only one of our health fitness components. How many others are there?

Health fitness, social, emotional, financial, and more??

How is obesity defined and measured?

Defined: Weight that exceeds the threshold of a health criterion standard but to a greater degree

Measured: BMI, DEXA Scan, Waist Circumference

What are some physiological influences on weight gain/loss?

• Hunger: the physiological need for food

• Appetite: the physiological desire to eat

• Satiety: the physiological and psychological feeling of fullness that stops hunger and appetite signals

• Changing diet patterns

• Gut biome

• Medicines like antidepressants

Biology plays a role in obesity but so does psychology and society. What are some of those influences?

Psychology: Hormonal imbalances (leptin and ghrelin), emotional coping mechanisms

Society: Cost of food, stressful lifestyles

What is psychosocial morbidity?**

Where an individual suffers from psychological and social consequences due to depression, social stigma, and discrimination

What is the BMI cut point for obesity?**

30 BMI

What is the set point theory? What does it imply about weight loss?**

if you restrict calories, your metabolism will slow to maintain your set point range

implies that that the body has a predetermined weight range that defends metabolic, hormonal, and appetite changes

The body burns calories in 3 or 4 ways. Name them in the ORDER of MOST CALORIES BURNED**

RMR, Exercise/PA, NEAT, Thermic Effect

Is BMI a “good” tool for understanding obesity? Group differences?**

No, it fails to distinguish fat and lean muscle. Overgeneralizes too many people groups, numbers might not work for everyone. It’s fairly accurate for many folks excluding those under 20 and over 65

What do leptin and ghrelin do?**

Leptin: a hormone made by fat cells and acts as a thermostat for the body’s energy needs. “Hey, I’m full”

Ghrelin: made in the stomach cells. “Hey, I’m hungry.”

What’s the rate of obesity for children? Adults?**

Children: 2/3??

Adults: 2/3??

Which body shape has little correlation with metabolic syndrome?**

Women’s shape or a pear

What role does genetics play in obesity?**

• Genes set a range, but they are not destiny (play a role, not sole influence)

• There are few serious syndromes (ex: prader-willi syndrome) that involve obesity, but they are rare

Name 3 ways to assess body composition and what are their strengths and weaknesses?**

3 ways: BMI, DEXA, Waist Circumference

Strengths: overgeneralizes people and doesn’t say who’s healthy(BMI), very accurate and fast (DEXA), accurately measures harmful abdominal fat (Waist Circumference)

Weaknesses: Super fast screening and correlated with health risks (BMI), misses bone quality (DEXA), lack of specificity and sometimes inaccurate (Waist)

Name at least 3 other biophysical influences on weight and body composition**

Sleep, genetics, semaglitude

Obesogenic Environment**

fat creating environment

Hunger, Appetite, Satiety**

Physiological influences of obesity

• Hunger: the physiological need for food

• Appetite: the physiological desire to eat

• Satiety: the physiological and psychological feeling of fullness that stops hunger and appetite signals

Low Food Insecurity vs Very Low Food Insecurity**

Low: your family has lower quality or low nutrition or few food choices

Very Low: when you can’t get food when you need to or you have to eat less because you don’t have money or other ways to get it

Food Oasis**

• access to healthy food is easier and widely available

  • Sometimes it refers to a resource center for healthy food within a food desert

Food Swamp**

area that has little or no access to nutritious food but has easy access to fast food, junk food outlets, convenience stores, and liquor stores

Food Desert**

areas with limited access to healthy and affordable food

How does our built environment and where we live impact obesity?

• We are “hard wired” to seek and consume food

• Some of us now live in an environment where food is available 24 hours a day

• Often the easiest food to get is not the most nutritious and the serving sizes are excessive

Set Point Theory

a regulatory system exists in the human body that is designed to maintain bodyweight at some fixed level

“Thrifty” Genes

Genes that helped convert excess calories into fat that provided energy during lean times in the past, are now contributing to obesity

Energy Expenditures

• Resting Metabolism: energy needed to run the body systems

• Physical Activity: any movement above resting (ex: daily life and exercice)

• Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT): movement that isn’t exercise

• Thermic Effect: energy required to digest, metabolize, transport, and store food

Visceral Fat vs Subcutaneous Fat

Visceral: buried beneath your muscle and linked to a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and other serious conditions

Subcutaneous: the kind you can see and feel, which lies under your skin but over your muscles

Metabolic Syndrome

A clear cluster of conditions that occur together; increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels

Psychological and Social Costs of Obesity (Psychosocial)

• Psychological: depression, self-esteem, eating disorders

• Social: stigma, dating, positive role models?

Obese vs Overweight

Overweight: weight that exceeds the threshold of a health criterion standard Health criterion standard is based on relationship of weight to morbidity (disease) or mortality (death); refers to at least 10% over ideal weight for specified height

Obese: weight that exceeds the threshold of a health criterion standard but to a greater degree

Adipostat

level of the body’s fat stores is thought to be determined by mechanism in the brain

Leptin and Cortisol

• 2 great interests in the study of obesity

  • Ob gene in fat cells make leptin

  • Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland when the body is under stress

What theories help explain why sport is so popular across a variety of cultures and time?

Play, hero, community, risk, aesthetics, competition, fun

Clearly sport participation provides benefits of physical activity, but are there others?

Social (reveal character), psychosocial (more resilient, positive peer relationships, increased self esteem), cognitive (higher gpa, attend school regularly, decreases memory loss)

Are there any concerns for sport participation?

Concussions, overuse injuries, more stress, more disordered eating, male more likely to engage in sexual assault

BIRGing & CORFing

BIRG: Basking in Reflected Glory

CORF: Cutting off Reflected Failure

What are current trends in youth sport participation and what are the implications of those trends?

Most kids have stopped playing sports by age 13 + Most youth sports are seeing an increasingly concerning decrease in participation except for lacrosse and gymnastics

Decreased current physical activity → decreased likelihood of adult physical activity → from a business perspective, one of the biggest predictors of fan and participation involvement as an adult is whether you played the game or were involved with it in some way with your family as a child

The “professionalization” of youth sport. Does anyone win? Who loses?

How does organizational/structural decisions about sport affect participation?

lost the chance to experience the benefits of sport because they became too competitive, specialized, or exclusive at a young age

What is the rationale for sports in school?

• Health

• Build friendships

• Learn to handle both victory and loss appropriately

• Increase self confidence and self esteem

• Learn time management, responsibility, and leadership

• Develop skills of teamwork, perseverance, and hard work

What do youth report wanting from their sports experiences?

• They want to be among friends

• They want to get better… a growing sense of competence

• They want to play. They would rather play on a losing team than sit on a winning team

• #1… they want to have FUN!

Financial myths for the individual athlete and college sports

Very few achieve professional status or long-term wealth from their sport

Why might parents be more problematic today?

• Misbehavior is modeled by professional athletes

• Some kind of ego trip

• Financial investment

• Societal anxiety and high response to all stimuli

• Game Reasoning… we all have a tendency to have different morals in games

Youth sport specialization benefits?  Disadvantages?

• Quicker skill learning but decreased overall athleticism

• Increased chance of injury

• Burnout

• Current research shows no link in early specialization and later success

Relative age effect

• Children born in, or close to, a critical age cut-off period may have an advantage in both athletic and academic endeavors

• The older children are bigger, faster, stronger, smarter, and they get more attention from the coach and more playing time

• Does have an influence on age level play, but may “wash out” by the time you get to elite sport