Experiment 1: Models of Organic Hydrocarbons

1. Draw structural formulae for organic compounds

2. Draw line diagrams for organic compounds

3. Build 3D molecular models for organic compounds and relate the geometry of these models to the compounds’ properties

Objectives

Organic chemistry

Study of compounds that contain carbon

Isomers

Formed after groups of carbon atoms bond in more than one arrangement

Hydrocarbon

Has only hydrogen and carbon atoms and may be classified as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, and aromatic compound

Alkanes

Contains single bonds between carbon atoms

sp³ hybrid orbitals

Amount of hybrid orbitals an alkane has

4 other atoms

Amount of atoms an alkane is bonded to

109.5^o

Bond angle of an alkane

Flexible bond

Type of bond of an alkane

Tetrahedral shape

Shape of an alkane

Alkenes

Contains double bonds between carbon atoms

sp³ hybrid orbitals

Amount of hybrid orbitals an alkene has

3 other atoms

Amount of atoms an alkene is bonded to

120^o

Bond angle of an alkene

Rigid bond

Type of bond of an alkene

Double bond can be broken in and changed from sp² to sp³

Reason why alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes

Sigma bond and weaker pi bond

What a double bond is made up of

Alkynes

Contains triple bonds between carbon atoms

sp¹ hybrid orbital

Amount of hybrid orbitals an alkyne has

2 other atoms

Amount of atoms an alkyne is bonded to

180^o

Bond angle of an alkyne

Rigid bond

Type of bond of an alkyne

Linear shape

Shape of an alkyne

One sigma bond and two pi bonds

Amount of sigma bond and pi bonds an alkyne has

Hydrocarbon derivative

Hydrocarbon that contains oxygen, sulfur, or a halogen

By its functional group

How a hydrocarbon derivative can be described

Types of bonds and arrangement of atoms

Factors that affect the chemical and physical properties of the molecule

Molecular model kit

Materials used for Experiment 1: Models of Organic Hydrocarbons