Embryology Final Exam 4 (Duray @ Palmer)

A group of cells, which share a similar structure and function, and their ECM

Tissue

What functions to:

transport nutrients to the cells

remove waste products from cells

transport secretory products from the cells

Interstitial fluid

Functions in secretion, absorption, and excretion. Forms sheets which line the cavities of organs and cover the body surface. Also forms many glands.

Epithelial tissue

Supports the body and holds it together. Transports substances through the body and protects it from foreign invaders. Characterized by cells which produce abundant extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue

Formed of cells specialized for contraction and movement

Muscle tissue

Composed of cells with long, fine processes specialized for communication between various body structures and control and integration of their activities.

Nervous tissue

Tissue samples removed during medical procedures or surgery that are fixed in formalin and studied microscopically. If results are needed during surgery, the biopsy can be rapidly frozen using liquid nitrogen and be sectioned immediately.

Biopsy

Epithelial tissue arises from...

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Functions of glandular epithelium

Protection

Sensory

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

A thin, noncellular layer which attaches the epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

Basement membrane

Thin sheetlike layer to which the epithelial cells are attached

Basal lamina

Diffuse fibrous layer beneath the basal lamina

Reticular lamina

T/F: Epithelial tissues are avascular

True

1 multiple choice option

The layer of connective tissue which lies deep to the basement membrane of the epithelium lining the respiratory, digestive, and urinary system

Lamina propria

Describes part of an epithelial cell facing a cavity or space

Apical pole

Describes part of an epithelial cell resting on the basement membrane

Basal pole

Epithelial cells arranged in a single layer are classified as....

Simple

Epithelial cells arranged in multiple layers are classified as....

Stratified

Type of epithelium found in alveoli of lungs

Simple squamous

Type of epithelium found in lining of blood and lymph vessels

Simple squamous; endothelium

Type of epithelium found in membranes covers organs and the body walls

Simple squamous; mesothelium

Type of epithelium found in glands and ducts or kidney tubules

Simple cuboidal

Type of epithelium found in the stomach, intestines, and parts of the respiratory system

Simple columnar

Type of epithelium found in the uterus and uterine tubes

Simple columnar

Specialized structure found in columnar epithelium that contain large secretory vesicles which produce mucus

Goblet cells

Specialized structure found in columnar epithelium that contain microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane

Microvilli

Specialized structure found in columnar epithelium that are absorptive in function, much longer than microvilli, and may branch distally(found in the male reproductive system)

Stereocilia

Specialized structure found in columnar epithelium that appear as long microscopic hairlike processes which move material along a surface

Cilia

A specialized type of columnar epithelium which has only one layer of cells. Every cell touches the basement membrane but some cells do not reach the surface of the epithelium.

Pseudostratified

Type of epithelium found in the respiratory air passages(nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi)

Pseudostratified columnar

Type of epithelium found in the male reproductive system

Pseudostratified columnar

Stratified epithelia are classified based on the cell shape of the ______________ layer

Superficial; outermost

Stratified epithelium found in epidermis

Keratinized squamous

Stratified epithelium found in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and vagina

Nonkeratinized squamous

Stratified epithelium found in the sweat gland ducts and ovarian follicles

Cuboidal

Stratified epithelium found in the male urethra

Columnar

What type of epithelium is specialized for organs subject to stretch?

Transitional epithelium

In which organs is transitional epithelium found?

Ureters, urinary bladder

If the secretory portion of a gland is either short or long and coiled, it is classified as...

Tubular

If the secretory portion of a gland is rounded or saclike, it is classified as...

Acinar

Glands that secrete their product into ducts which open into a hollow organ or on a surface

Exocrine

Glands that secrete their product directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine

Sweat glands, salivary glands, and digestive glands of the stomach and pancreas are examples of...

Exocrine glands

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and suprarenal glands are examples of...

Endocrine glands

Type of exocrine gland in which secretory product collects in the cell which then ruptures to release it

Holocrine

Type of exocrine gland in which secretory product collects at the apex of the cell which is then pinched off, releasing the product into a duct

Apocrine

Type of exocrine gland in which secrete their product through the cell membrane without damage to the cell

Merocrine

Example of a holocrine gland

Sebaceous

Example of apocrine gland

Mammary

Example of merocrine gland

Salivary

Form a seal between adjacent cells; the most apical of the junctions

Tight junction; occluding junction

Sites of strong cell adhesion found immediately below tight junctions

Adherens junction

Anchoring junction which forms a single "spot-weld" and does not form a belt around the cell

Desmosome

Channel for communication between cells

Gap junction

Attach cells to the basal lamina

Hemidesmosome

Connective tissue consists mainly of an _______________ with relatively few cells embedded within it

ECM; extracellular matrix

In the embryo, connective tissue is derived from ____________, which in turn originates from mesoderm and neural crest cells.

Mesenchyme

In the embryo, connective tissue is derived from mesenchyme, which in turn originates from...

Mesoderm and neural crest cells

Four main functions of connective tissue

Attachment

Support

Transport

Defense

The most common cells found in connective tissue

Fibroblasts

Cells which develop from mesenchyme and are permanent residents of connective tissue. They function in tissue repair.

Fibroblasts

Fibroblasts secrete...

Collagen, elastin, all components of ground substance

Fat cells found in the connective tissue of many organs

Adipocytes

Phagocytic cells which are involved in turnover of protein fibers, and function to remove cellular debris, neoplastic cells, bacteria and other invaders

Macrophages

Cells that release mediators of inflammation such as histamine

Mast cells

Lymphocyte derived cells which produce antibodies and are involved in immune defense

Plasma cells

An allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen caused by the release of chemicals stored in...

Mast cells

During inflammation, release of ______________ and other chemicals causes an increase in vascular permeability at the site of injury

Histamine

During inflammation, large numbers of leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls into the injured tissue through...

Chemotaxis

Fibers and ground substance make up the...

ECM; extracellular matrix

The most abundant protein in the body

Collagen

The most abundant type of collagen found in skin, tendons and ligaments

Type I

Type of collagen that resists tension

Type I

Type of collagen found in cartilage

Type II

Type of collagen that resists compression

Type II

Type of collagen found in muscle, blood vessels, and the lymphatic system

Type III

Type of collagen that maintains structural integrity of expandable organs and forms reticular fibers

Type III

Type of collagen found in basal laminae

Type IV

Type of collagen that supports epithelial cells and functions in filtration

Type IV

Fibers formed of type I collagen bundles

Collagen fibers

Name for delicate fibers formed of type III collagen

Reticular fibers

Fibers formed of a protein called elastin

Elastic fibers

A highly hydrated, gel-like substance which fills the space between fibers and cells in connective tissue

Ground substance

The functions of ground substance

Allow diffusion of molecules

Act as a lubricant

Provide barrier to infection

Ground substance is made up of...

GAGs

Proteoglycans

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

GAGs are...

Polysaccharide chains

The most abundant GAG is...

Hyaluronan; hyaluronic acid

Larger molecules within ground substance consisting of a core protein to which varying numbers of GAGs are bonded

Proteoglycans

Component of ground substance that binds cells to their substrate

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

The loose areolar connective tissue forms the ____________ layer

Lamina propria

What type of connective tissue contains cells, fibers and ground substance in roughly equal amounts?

Losse connective tissue; areolar connective tissue

This tissue can resist stress in any direction

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

This tissue is found in the dermis of the skin, in deep fascia, and the capsule of organs such as the kidney or spleen

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

This tissue can resist stress in one direction

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

This tissue is found in tendons, aponeuroses and ligaments

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

This tissue functions as a filter, removing worn out red blood cells in the spleen and pathogens in the lymph nodes

Reticular tissue

Tissue repair involved the activity of what cells?

Fibroblasts

______________ are fibroblasts which behave like smooth muscle

Myofibroblasts

This is the most accurate method of determining body composition.

Hydrostatic weighing

T/F: The epithelial membranes are composed of only epithelial tissue

False

1 multiple choice option