Module 6: Pharyngeal Oral System and Speech Production

Upper airway

pharyngeal oral aparatus and velopharyngeal nasal aparatus

includes

• vocal tract - pharyngeal oral airspace

• nasal tract - nasal airspace

Pharyngeal oral aparatus

• tube extending from larynx to lips

• faucial isthmus - communicative ‘joint’ btwn two portions

• goes straight back then drops down at a 90 degree angle

• moves forward

divisions of pharynx

• nasopharynx

• oropharynx

• laryngopharynx

paired cranial bones

• temporal

• parietal

unpaired cranial bones

• frontal

• sphenoid

• ethmoid

zygomatic bones

2 bones, cheekbones

maxilla + function

2 bones with palantine process dividing halves, make up most of upper jaw and hard palate

function: supports roof oral cavity and floor nasal cavity

temporomandibular joints

joints of the mandible that

• articulate with the right and left temporal bones

• separated by articular disc (cartilaginous)

function: help jaw open/close

• hold skull in place, helps condial stay in place

coupling

‘domino effect’ movement between two structures

nasal and inferior nasal conchae

bones that form base of nose

facial bones (8 total)

• maxillary (2)

• palatine (2)

• vomer (1)

• inferior nasal conchae (2)

• lacrimal (2)

• nasal (2)

• zygomatic (2)

• mandible (1)

vomer

forms nasal septum

inferior nasal conchae

forms base of nose

lacrimal bone

upper nose btwn eyes (tearduct area)

temporomandibular ligament

ligament of temporomandibular joints

limits degree to which condyle can be displaced downward and backward

sphenomandibular ligament

ligament of temporomandibular joints

limits downward and backward displacement of the mandible

stylomandibular ligament

ligament of temporomandibular joints

limits downward and forward displacement of the mandible

oral cavity extends from…

extends from lips to faucial pillars

oral vestibule

front part of oral cavity that includes the the lips, cheeks, front teeth, and anterior segments of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible

a. root

b. body

c. dorsum

d. tip

e. blade

1. Central mass of the tongue that underlies the surface features

2. Part that faces the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis

3. Part just posterior to the tip and inferior to the alveolar ridge of the maxilla

4. Part posterior to the blade and below the back part of the hard palate

5. Part closest to the front teeth at rest

1: B

2: A

3: E

4: C

5: D

buccal cavity

• lies to the sides of the oral cavity

• constitutes the space between the gums and teeth (gingivae) internally and the lips and cheeks (buccae) externally

mucous lining

• covers the inner surface of the pharyngeal-oral apparatus

• consists of an outer layer of epithelium and inner layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)

masticatory mucosa

(with collagen subflooring) covers the gums and hard palate

inferior constrictor and middle constrictor

pull the pharyngeal walls inward and forward to constrict the pharyngeal tube

stylopharyngeus

pulls up on the pharynx and pulls the lateral walls outward (widens the pharynx)

masseter

• contraction of outer layer pulls upward on the mandible

• contraction of inner layer pulls upward and backward on the mandible

temporalis

pulls upward and backward on the mandible

internal pterygoid

pulls upward on the mandible

external pterygoid

pulls the mandible downward and forward

digastric AB

pulls downward on the mandible (with hyoid bone relatively fixed)

mylohyoid

pulls down on the mandible (with hyoid bone relatively fixed)

geniohyoid

pulls down on the mandible (with hyoid bone relatively fixed)

superior longitudinal

intrinsic

can shorten the tongue, pull the tip upward, and pull the lateral margins upward

inferior longitudinal

intrinsic

shortens the tongue and pulls the tip downward

vertical

intrinsic

flattens the tongue

transverse

intrinsic

narrows and elongates the tongue

styloglossus

extrinsic

can draw the tongue body upward and backward, pull the side of the tongue upward, shorten the tongue, and/or pull the tongue tip toward the side

palatoglossus

extrinsic

pulls upward, backward, and inward on the root of the tongue

hyoglossus

extrinsic

lowers the tongue body and draws it backward

genioglossus

extrinsic

can move the tongue root forward and force the tongue top forward, pull the front of the tongue backward, and/or pull the center of the tongue downward to form a depression its length

orbicularis oris

can move the lips toward each other and forward (to closure), move the corners of the mouth in several directions, and force the lips and/or corners of the mouth against the teeth

buccinator

extrinsic

can pull the mouth corner backward and toward the side and can force the lip and cheek against the teeth

risorius

extrinsic

draws the corner of the mouth backward and toward the side

levatator labii superioris

extrinsic

elevates the upper lip

levatator labii superioris alaeque nasi

extrinsic

contraction of the lip segment elevates the upper lip

zygomatic major

extrinsic

pulls backward on the corner of the mouth and lifts it upward and toward the side

zygomatic minor

extrinsic

elevates the upper lip and pulls the corner of the mouth upward

depressor labii inferioris

extrinsic

pulls the lower lip downward and toward the side and may also cause the lower lip to turn outward

mentalis

extrinsic

pulls the chin tissue upward, forces the lower part of the lower lip against the alveolar process of the mandible, and curls the lower lip outward

levatator anguli oris/caninus

extrinsic

draws the corner of the mouth upward and toward the side and may raise the lower lip against the upper lip

depressor anguli oris

extrinsic

pulls the corner of the mouth downward and draws the upper lip downward toward the lower lip

incisivus labii superioris

extrinsic

pulls the corner of the mouth upward and toward the midline

incisivus labii inferioris

extrinsic

pulls downward and inward on the corner of the mouth

platysma

extrinsic

moves lower lip

Movements of the pharynx

• lengthening/shortening - vertical movements larynx

• inward/outward movement - lateral pharyngeal walls

• forward/backward movement - posterior pharyngeal walls, velum, tongue, and epiglottis

inward movements of the sides of the pharyngeal walls are primarily accomplished by..

inferior and middle constrictors

the mandible can move..

• upward/downward

• forward/backward

• side to side

mediated by temporomandibular joints

which rides with the mandible (goes as a whole where mandible moves)?

tongue

Muscular hydrostat

structure that comprises of primarily muscle, has no bony skeletal support, is incompresible and can change shape

• inward displacement of one part of the tongue can cause outward displacement in another part

lips can move..

• up/down

• side to side

• front to back

lower lip- rides on mandible

upper lip - fixed to the stationary maxilla

oral vestibule length can be changed by..

• upper lip

• lower lip

• mandible

oral cavity length can be changed by..

• tongue

• mandible

pharyngeal cavity length can be changed by..

• velum

• larynx

oral vestibule cross section can be changed by..

• upper lip

• lower lip

• mandible

• cheeks

• tongue

oral cavity cross sectional can be changed by..

• tongue

• mandible

pharyngeal cavity cross sectional can be changed by..

• tongue

• epiglottis

• posterior pharyngeal wall

• lateral pharyngeal walls

____ is the most important contributor to oral contact pressure, ____ and _____ also contribute

muscular pressure, surface tension, gravity

____ is the most important way the lips contribute to speech acoustics

configuration of the airway opening

The greatest contributor to pharyngeal-oral airway resistance is ____________________

change in the cross section of the pharyngeal oral airway

pharyngeal oral functions (4)

1. degree of coupling between the oral airway and atmosphere

2. chewing

3. swallowing

4. sound generation and filtering

Degree of coupling btwn the oral cavity and the atmosphere is done through the ________. The most important determiner in influencing the cross section and length of channel between the oral cavity and airway opening is the _______.

a. oral vestibule

b. lips

types of sound (2)

1. Transient “popping” - oral airstream interrupted and then released (ex. /p/, /t/)

2. Turbulence - air forced through constriction in airway (/h/, /s/)

Sound is determined by the nature of the _________ and how it is filtered when passing through the _______ and ________ cavity

a. sound source

b. oral

c. pharyngeal

sonorants vs obstruents

consonants

1. sonorants - produced with relatively open pharyngeal-oral airway w/ vocal and/or nasal tract open (nasals and semivowels)

2. obstruents - sounds produced with constriction (stops, fricatives, and affricates)

classification of sounds

1. place of major constriction (place of maximal constriction) - will always b related to position of tongue or posterior pharyngeal walls

2. degree of major constriction - cross section of airway (classified as high, mid, or low and depends on where tongue and jaw are positioned)

3. degree of lip rounding (only in mid to high constriction sounds) - degree to which lips protrude + size of area btwn lips

• occurs thru simultaneous lengthening and narrowing

dipthongs

transitional vowel pairs formed by rapidly changing one vowel adjustment to another

always transition within same place of major constriction, but 1st vowel always has lesser degree of major constriction than 2nd

• may include increase in lip rounding

• do not comprise “pure” vowel pairs

• transitions can be front to back or mid to side

coarticulation

definition: movements of one sound that influence another

1. forward coarticulation (aka “right to left” and anticipatory articulation) - when articulatory characteristics of upcoming sound influence current sound

2. backward coarticulation (aka “left to right” or carryover articulation - when a currently articulated sound is influenced by the characteristics of a previous sound

coarticulatory resistance

some phonemes are more susceptible to coarticulation than others and may vary more or less in production

main early developmental factors (5)

1. mandible and lips grow and change in shape

2. teeth are added

3. pharynx lengthens

4. larynx descends

5. tongue descends

speech motor control develops ______

nonlinearly

aging factors

• pharynx lengthens and widens as larynx descends’

• oral cavity size increases

• tissues become drier, thinner, and decrease in elasticity

• loss bone and teeth

• sensory innervation decreases

• movements slower

• speaking rate slower

• variability in articulatory movements during speaking increases

sex differences

men

• larger pharyngeal oral structures

• stronger

• speak faster

articulatory movement variability _____ during development

decreases

sensory and motor innervation of the pharynx

motor

• glossopharyngeal

• vagus

sensory

• glossopharyngeal

• vagus

sensory and motor innervation of the mandible

motor

• trigeminal

• C1

sensory

• trigeminal

sensory and motor innervation of the tongue

motor

• vagus

• hypoglossal

sensory

• trigeminal

• hypoglossal

• glossopharyngeal

motor and sensory innervation of the lips

motor

• facial

sensory

• trigeminal

pharyngeal oral control variables

• pharyngeal oral lumen size and configuration - length and cross section adjustments

• pharyngeal oral contact pressure - complete obstruction of the lumen by the tongue, velum, hard palate, alveolar process, teeth, lips (created by muscular pressure)

• pharyngeal oral airway resistance - decreasing/increasing cross section, mainly by adjustments of oral vestibule, is the primary factor in creasing/decreasing resistance

• pharyngeal oral acoustic impedance - opposition of energy (sound waves) thru aparatus by cross sectional adjustments

Pharyngeal oral airway resistance can be changed by decreasing/increasing the __________, which is done by the _________

a. cross section

b. oral vestibule

most important for chewing is the alignment of the ________, _______, _______, and ________

most important for swallowing is the __________________ to __________________

• ______ also propels bolus from front to back of cavity

a. mandible

b. teeth

c. maxilla

d. oral vestibule

a. position of oral cavity muscles

b. position bolus and propel it

c. tongue

Consonants that involve a stop (obstruction) component include stop-plosive consonants and _______________________ consonants.

affricate

tongue can generate contact pressure against…

• alveolar process of maxilla

• hard palate

• velum

• pharynx

• teeth

• lips

lips can generate contact pressure against…

• one another

• teeth