E. Willis

Willis conducted a study which attempted to overcome some of the weaknesses of the ___ ___ to education.

Willis conducted a study which attempted to overcome some of the weaknesses of the Marxist approach to education.

Willis describes the lads in his study as a ___ ___ ___ because they appeared to oppose the values of the school and their teachers in many respects.

Willis describes the lads in his study as a counter school culture because they appeared to oppose the values of the school and their teachers in many respects.

Willis argued that the lads avoided doing any work at school and invented ___ ___ and excuses to get out of lessons or ___ ___.

Willis argued that the lads avoided doing any work at school and invented elaborate schemes and excuses to get out of lessons or avoid studying.

Willis argued that the main priority for the lads was what they called ‘having ___ ___’ which involved playing ___ ___ and undermining the authority ___ ___.

Willis argued that the main priority for the lads was what they called ‘having a laugh’ which involved playing practical jokes and undermining the authority of teachers.

Willis argues that many of the elements of the counter school culture such as resistance to ___, ___, the status of ___ ___ and the importance of ‘having a laugh’ are derived from ___ ___ ___.

Willis argues that many of the elements of the counter school culture such as resistance to authority, sexism, the status of manual labour and the importance of ‘having a laugh’ are derived from shop floor culture.

Willis argued that shop floor culture is the culture of manual ___ ___ males more generally.

Willis argued that shop floor culture is the culture of manual working class males more generally.

1C. His sample consisted of only ___ ___ in one school so could not be said to be ___.

1C. His sample consisted of only 12 boys in one school so could not be said to be representative.

2C. Willis tends to present a view that pupils are ___ into pro and ___ ___ ___, but subsequent studies have suggested the reality is more complex with many pupils accept some elements of ___ ___ or rejecting others.

2C. Willis tends to present a view that pupils are polarised into pro and anti school subcultures, but subsequent studies have suggested the reality is more complex with many pupils accept some elements of school life or rejecting others.

3C. It has been suggested that Willis’s account is now ___ ___.

• In the 1970s it was possible to leave school at ___ and find a ___ ___ relatively easily with ___ ___

• This is much less true today with higher levels of ___ ___ and fewer unskilled ___ ___ available

3C. It has been suggested that Willis’s account is now rather dated.

• In the 1970s it was possible to leave school at 16 and find a manual job relatively easily with few qualifications

• This is much less true today with higher levels of youth unemployment and fewer unskilled manual jobs available