Lecture 2 Species

Species Diversity

a measure of all the various species within an area, community, or region

Species have ___ ___, both within and among populations

genetic diversity

T/F: All species are not created equal

True

Do members in a species share a vast majority of their genetics?

Yes

What does natural selection act on and how?

An individual.

If they can survive and be successful they will reproduce.

An individual can acclimate, but can not adapt

Population

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a specific area and time

Do individuals in a population have a high or low potential to interact with one another

high

T/F Individuals in a population or genetically similar

T

Populations are long-lasting ___ and are capable of ___ and ___

entities

change and adaptation

Species in the simplest sense are?

different kinds of organisms

Individuals of the same species share genetic similarity and can potentially interbreed

A species has a ____ ____ and is often comprised of ____

geographic range, populations

Who created taxonomy and when?

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

What is binomial nomenclature?

Hierarchical organization of life based from most to least inclusive.

What are the 8 levels of hierarchical organization of life and what is their order?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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What are the three Domains?

1. Eukaryota

2. Bacteria

3. Archaea

What does the Eukarya domain include?

Animalia, Plants, Fungi, and Protists

(Meat, Potatoes, Mushrooms, and the little things that you can’t eat)

What is the different between the taxonomy of a black bear and brown bear?

Black bear: Ursus americanus

Brown bear: Ursus arctos

List out the taxonomy levels of a brown bear

1. Domain: Eukarya

2. Kingdom: Animalia

3. Phylum: Chordata - backbone

4. Class: Mammalia

5. Order: Carnivora

6. Family: Ursidae (Family of bears)

7. Genus: Ursus (True bears, not including panda)

8. Species: Ursus arctos (brown bear)

List the taxonomy of a wolf

1. Domain: Eukarya

2. Kingdom: Animalia

3. Phylum: Chordata - backbone

4. Class: Mammalia

5. Order: Carnivora

6. Family: Canidae (Family of dogs)

7. Genus: Canis

8. Species: Canis lupus

List the taxonomy levels for a human

1. Domain: Eukarya

2. Kingdom: Animalia

3. Phylum: Chordata - backbone

4. Class: Mammalia

5. Order: Primates

6. Family: Hominidae (Family of Great Apes)

7. Genus: Homo

8. Species: Homo sapiens (wise man)

What is homology? Give an example

Possessing extensive homologies such as characters (traits) shared from their common ancestor

Ex: Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and Brown bear (Ursus arctos)

What is the morphological species concept

A group of individuals that is morphologically (form or structure) or physiologically distinct from other groups in some important characteristic

Ex: Polar bears and brown bears are different species due to their own traits

** What is the Biological Species Concept and who was it coined by?

Ernst Mayr (1940)

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups

What is the problem with the Biological Species Concept meaning?

this concept means that two species are the same and not separate species if they were to interbreed and have shared alleles.

Ex: A polar bear and brown bear breeding a grolar bear

Species are branches in ___ __ ____

lines of decent

Who thought that species were evolutionary lines of descent

Charles Darwin (1859)

T/F: All species will eventually go extinc. Explain why

T

The vast majority of species have gone extinct. What is left is new species from their lineage

Species are usually composed of groups of populations each having ____ and _____ _____

spatial and temporal cohesion

How does the spatial and temporal cohesion define a species?

As an evolving entity with a definitive beginning and end/ place of origin and a final refuge

What do sexual species show and what does it mean?

genetic reticulation - pattern of genetics exchanged, often every generation

Define speciation

the process whereby two or more species evolve from single ancestral population

What does speciation represent?

a process of splitting (cladogenesis - create of new clade or group) in the reticulation

Is separation in speciation always a clean split?

No

Who actually coined the idea for evolution and natural selection and was the father of biogeography?

Alfred Russel Wallace

What is the evoluntionary species concept? Prof does not like this one

An entity, composed of organisms, that maintains its (genetic) identity from the such entities through time and over space, and that has its own independent evolutionary fate and historical

What is a reticulated species

a species that is derived from two species. Common in flowering plants, but also occurs in animals.

Ex: a different colored flower that reproduces through asexual reproduction to make more of its own species.

What is the given example of a reticulated species?

The hybridization of Woodhouse toads and Arizona toads

Name the three species concepts and what is the problem with them?

1. Morphological species concept

2. Biological species concept

3. Evolutionary species concept

Forming separate evolutionary lineages where it take a while to form separately is a problem.

What are the taxonomic units below the species level? Hint: 6

1. Varity

2. Ecotype

3. Phylogroup

4. Evolutionary significant unit

5. Subspecies

6. Distinct population segment

Who uses variety as a taxonomic unit?

Use by plant taxonomists or botanists

Who uses ecotype as a taxonomic unit?

used by mostly ecologists

Who uses phylogroup as a taxonomic unit?

used by phylogeographers. it identifies genetic pattern differences

Who uses evolutionary significant unit as a taxonomic unit?

Craig Moritz, but it was considered wrong by many and pissed lots of people off

Who uses subspecies as a taxonomic unit?

used by animal taxonomists/ biologists

what is the distinct population segment regulation and who implemented it ?

Implemented by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1973.

“A vertebrate population (mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish) or group of populations that is discrete from other populations of the species and significant in relation to the entire species.