C.Ed Exam Review 2025-2026

Reasons to Study the Old Testament

All Scripture is God-breathed; spiritual truth grounded in historical reality; origins of Earth and Jewish people; divine providence; fall of man; need for a Savior; prophecies about Jesus; insight into God's nature; principles of godly living; intertwined with the New Testament; foundation for the early church; insight into human nature; devotional value; formal introduction to God; Bible Jesus read.

Formal Introduction to God

Genesis 1:1 introduces God at the beginning of Scripture.

Eight Eras of the Old Testament

Nothing, Something, Exiting, Entering, United, Divided, Scattered, Gathered.

Nothing Era

God created out of nothing (Genesis 1–11).

Something Era

Out of nothing God created something.

Exiting Era

Exodus; God's people cry out to be saved.

Entering Era

Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.

United Era

United Kingdom of Israel.

Divided Era

Israel divided into twelve tribes and two kingdoms.

Scattered Era

God's people repeatedly sin and are scattered.

Gathered Era

Exiles return; Nehemiah rebuilds Jerusalem's walls.

Joshua Summary (ECD)

Entering the Land (1–5), Conquering the Land (6–12), Dividing the Land (13–24).

Entering the Land (Joshua)

Chapters 1–5.

Conquering the Land (Joshua)

Chapters 6–12.

Dividing the Land (Joshua)

Chapters 13–24; land divided among the twelve tribes.

Scarlet Thread of Redemption

God's continuous plan of redemption culminating in Jesus' sacrificial death.

Women in Jesus' Genealogy

Tamar, Rahab, Ruth, Bathsheba.

Tamar

Mother of Perez; included in Jesus' genealogy.

Rahab

Mother of Boaz; hid spies in Jericho; included in Jesus' genealogy.

Ruth

Mother of Obed; included in Jesus' genealogy.

Bathsheba

Mother of Solomon; included in Jesus' genealogy.

Christophany

Appearance of Jesus; in the Old Testament, a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ.

Examples of Christophanies

Daniel 3:25; Angel of the LORD.

Lessons from Joshua

God takes obedience seriously; obey even when it doesn't make sense; disobedience has consequences; not karma; obedience doesn't guarantee an easy life.

Judges Summary (CCC)

Conquest (1–2), Compromise (3–16), Chaos (17–21).

Conquest (Judges)

Chapters 1–2.

Compromise (Judges)

Chapters 3–16.

Chaos (Judges)

Chapters 17–21.

Cycle of Sin in Judges

Sin, Suffering, Supplication, Salvation.

Alternative Cycle of Sin

Rebellion, Retribution, Repentance, Restoration.

Purpose of Discipline

To purify, restore, rehabilitate, and correct.

Path of Repentance

Confession, Conviction, Contrition, Turning from sin, Turning toward God.

Habakkuk

Saw injustice; questioned God; questioned use of Babylonians; God promised Babylon's judgment.

Asaph

Envied prosperity of the wicked; understood their destiny after entering God's sanctuary.

Job

Questioned why wicked prosper; God reminded Job of His sovereignty and wisdom.

Four Pillars of Apostasy

Rebel against God's voice, rebel against God's discipline, mistrust God, turn backs on God.

UPSA

Universalism, Pluralism, Syncretism, Apostasy.

Universalism

All mankind will be saved.

Pluralism

All religions contain truth.

Syncretism

Blending different religions.

Apostasy

Renouncing or abandoning a religion.

Conviction vs Compromise (Daniel)

Daniel resolved not to defile himself; spoke truth despite consequences; prayed despite laws against it.

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego

Refused to worship Nebuchadnezzar's image; trusted God despite danger.

Jonah Outline

Running from God, Running into God, Running with God, Trying to run God.

Running from God

Jonah Chapter 1.

Running into God

Jonah Chapter 2.

Running with God

Jonah Chapter 3.

Trying to Run God

Jonah Chapter 4.

Jonah 2:8

Those who cling to worthless idols forfeit grace.

Idol

Anything that becomes a substitute for a true relationship with God.

Jonah's View of God

God showed mercy to the Assyrians.

Nahum Outline

Decreed, Described, Deserved destruction of Nineveh.

Nahum Chapter 1

Decreed destruction of Nineveh.

Nahum Chapter 2

Described destruction of Nineveh.

Nahum Chapter 3

Deserved destruction of Nineveh.

God's Love and Justice

Both coexist perfectly and converge at the cross.

Justice at the Cross

Jesus paid the penalty for sin.

Mercy at the Cross

Believers do not receive the punishment they deserve.

Suffering Servant (Isaiah 53)

Rejected, suffered for others, bore sins, remained humble, innocent yet died, brought healing, vindicated afterward.

Effect of Sin Positionally

All sins equally separate us from God.

Effect of Sin in Punishment

Different sins receive different punishments.

Harm Principle

Power should only be exercised to prevent harm to others.

Parable of the Sower

Soils represent different responses to God's Word.

Path Soil

Hardened or unreceptive heart.

Rocky Soil

Shallow heart.

Thorny Soil

Divided or distracted heart.

Good Soil

Fruitful heart.

Joseph and Dreams

God spoke through dreams; Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's dreams.

Pharaoh's Dreams

Seven years of abundance followed by seven years of famine.

Nebuchadnezzar's Dreams

Included the great statue and the large tree; interpreted by Daniel.

Three Reasons We Compromise

Personal, Relational, Cultural.

Personal Compromise

Wanting God to change His Word to fit our desires.

Relational Compromise

Changing beliefs because of relationships.

Cultural Compromise

Changing beliefs to fit society.

Ruth Summary (4 R's)

Resolve, Response, Request, Reward.

Kinsman Redeemer

Foreshadowing of Jesus as Redeemer.

Jesus as Related Redeemer

The Word became flesh (John 1:14).

Jesus as Willing Redeemer

Gave His life willingly.

Jesus as Able Redeemer

The perfect sacrifice and only Savior.

Genealogy of Ruth and Boaz

Salmon + Rahab → Boaz + Ruth → Obed → Jesse → David → Jesus' royal line.

Providence

God preserves, governs, and directs all creation toward His purposes.

Four Pillars of 1 Samuel

Ruin, Role, Rule, Rise.

Four P's of 1 Samuel

Priest, Prophet, Politician, Poet/Psalmist.

Career of David

Shepherd → Servant → Sovereign.

David's Life Summary

Triumphs, Transgressions, Troubles.

Birth of Sin

Thought → Form → Fascination → Fall.

What to Do with Sin

Admit, Leave, Replace.

1 Samuel Lessons

God won't tolerate sin; obey fully; God uses rebellion for His glory; God looks at the heart.

2 Samuel Lessons

Secret sin becomes public; sin leads to more sin; God forgives; consequences remain.

Joshua

Succeeded Moses; led Israel into Canaan; conquered Jericho; divided land.

Judges Theme

Everyone did what was right in their own eyes.

Ehud

Judge who assassinated Eglon and delivered Israel from Moab.

Gideon

Defeated Midianites with 300 men.

Deborah

Prophet and judge who led Israel.

Barak

Commanded Israel's army under Deborah.

Jael

Killed Sisera with a tent peg.

Jephthah

Judge who defeated Ammonites but made a tragic vow due to his unfamiliarity with God

Samson

Judge with great strength; defeated Philistines; betrayed by Delilah.

Esther

Jewish queen who saved her people from Haman's plot.

Samuel

Prophet, priest, judge; anointed Saul and David.