FINAL EXAM

In 1776, what did political philosopher Adam Smith observe about the "discovery" of the Americas?

The European colonization of the Americas changed the course of history

Which of the following resulted from the European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the Western Hemisphere?

Crops new to each hemisphere reshaped peoples diets and transformed the natural environment

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Americas before the arrival of Europeans?

A diverse array of Native American groups has their own languages, cultures, and conflicts

How did Native Americans view the concept of land ownership?

They viewed land as a common resource to use

What role did religion play in Columbus explorations?

Catholics in Spain supported his expeditions because they wanted to end Muslim control of the eastern trade

What was MOST significant in inspiring Spanish conquistadores during their exploration and conquest of the New World?

A desire to spread Catholicism and gain wealth and national glory

The columbina exchange was?

The transatlantic flow of people, plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World

When Native Americans first encountered Europeans, what led to the European diseases being to deadly?

Centuries of continental isolation meant the Native Americans had no immunity

Who in the 16th century Spanish Empire would have the most authority?

An administrative official from Spain

Why did French and Dutch settlers seek peaceful relations with local Indians?

French and Dutch settlers depended on trade alliances with Native Americans

Which of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dates they were founded, from the earliest to the latest?

Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

What was an important impetus for English empire building in North America?

The Protestant Reformation heightened England's sense of mission to spread Protestantism and liberate the Americas from Spanish "popery"

Poor and working class English People generally hoped that emigrating to America would provide?

Opportunities to become independent landowners

Indentured servants...

Could be bought and sold, were subject to physical punishment, and often died before they finished their terms of service

With regards to Indians, the English were chiefly interested...

In displacing Indians and settling on their land

The Virginia company's establishment of the headright system in 1618...

Gave fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another passage, which in effect awarded large estates to anyone who brought in a sizable number of servants

What is the significance of the Uprising of 1622?

It fundamentally altered the balance of power between the Indians and English

What was virginias "gold", which ensured its survival and prosperity?

Tobacco

Maryland was established as a refuge for which group?

Catholics

Puritans of the 17th century...

Believed the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its rituals and doctrines

Mayflower Compact established?

a civil government for the Plymouth colony

In contrast to the Chesapeake region, the population in New England...

Grew rapidly because of healthier surroundings

Why did Roger Williams found Rhode Island?

To establish a haven for religious dissenters

Compared to the Chesapeake colonies, New England had more economic equality because it had more....

Landowners

What was the impact of king Philips war?

The war produced a broadening of freedom for whites in New England but resulted in native Americans losing their lands

According to the economic theory known as mercantilism:

The government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power

Why was the New York colony known as New York?

An Anglo-Dutch war resulted in the British king awarding the colony to his brother, the Duke of York.

What happened in the 17th century when land ran out for slave plantations in Barbados?

Plantation owners acquired landholdings in the Carolinas

William Penn obtained his land for his Pennsylvania colony because...

The king wanted to cancel his debt to the Penn family and bolster the English presence in North America

Pennsylvania's treatment of Native Americans was unique in what way?

Pennsylvania purchased Indian land that was then resold to colonists and offered refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies

What was key to making the enslavement of Africans an enduring economic and social institution in colonial America?

Unlike in Africa, the skin color of enslaved Africans in America made it difficult for them to escape into surrounding society, and slavery became perpetual, as the children of slaves were slaves too

What is one way plantation slavery in the Americas differed from slavery in previous eras of human history?

Labor on plantations was far more demanding, and the death rate of enslaved people in the Americas was much higher than in the household slavery common in Africa

In the middle of the 17th century, a west African slave transported by British ships across the Atlantic was most likely to end up in..

Barbados

What statement accurately depicts the legal status of people of African descent in the Chesapeake prior to 1660?

Blacks rights were ambiguous, allowing some Africans to become landowners with servants or slaves

Bacons rebellion was promoted by?

The inability of Virginians to settle lands reserved for Indians

Which group made up the bulk of Nathaniel bacons army?

Discontented men who had recently been servants

The English bill of rights of 1689?

Gave parliament control over taxation and listed rights of individuals such as trial by jury

Why did the accusations of witchcraft in Salem suddenly snowball in 1692?

The only way to avoid prosecution was to confess and name others in the colony as witches

What was the middle passage?

The second leg in the triangle trade

In the Chesapeake region, slavery...

Rapidly became the dominant labor system after 1680

What differentiated slavery in New England and the Middle colonies from slavery in the southern colonies?

Whereas New England and the middle colonies had nonplantation based slavery, slavery in the south focused on the tobacco and rice based plantation systems

Tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region:

helped make the Chesapeake colonies models of mercantilism.

As slavery became more commonplace in the Chesapeake, how were free blacks affected?

In 1723, Virginia revoked property owning free blacks right to vote

In which of the following settings did slaves experience the greatest degree of freedom?

Frontier conditions

Why did the English government support the establishment of the Georgia colony?

The English wanted a buffer between South Carolina and Spains Florida

Which of the following statements accurately describes slavery in the North in the 18th century?

Slaves in New England colonies were afforded significant rights, including the ability to testify against whites in court

Who were yeomen farmers in the mid 18th century?

Small landowners who usually farmed their own land and did not own slaves

The development of African American cultures that's synthesized diverse African cultures with European elements and the conditions of enslaved peoples lives in America

Developed differently in each of the three North American slave systems

Which of the following factors was significant in creating three distinct African American cultures in British North America by the mid 18th century?

A range in American slaves proximity to white culture depending on the region they were in

as the 18th century progressed how did britaain view itself in contrast to France

As a realm of widespread prosperity and individual liberty

The set of political ideas that scholars refer to as "republicanism"

Held that only property owning, economically independent citizens should participate in public life

Which of the following individuals embodies the colonial understanding of republican virtue?

A planter who serves on his town council

Who h of the following was a key difference between republicanism and liberalism?

Republicanism stressed active participation in public life, while liberalism focused on individual rights that were essentially private

In the 18th century, how did the number of men eligible to vote in Britain compare to the number of men eligible to vote in the American colonies?

It was more than ten time greater in America due to the wide distribution of property

The Enlightenment thinkers who influenced many educated Americans in the 18th century...

Taught that reason should be the basis for judging every human institution, authority, and tradition

What was the great awakening at least in part a response to?

The growth of nationalism and lack of individual engagement in church services

Which one of the following was a consequence of the seven years war?

Strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire

In the 18th century, Texas and California were...

Peripheral to the Spanish empire when compared to possessions in central and South America and the Caribbean

Which one of the following statements accurately characterizes the British approach to governing the American colonies prior to 1763?

The British only occasionally intervened in the internal affairs of the colonies, instead remaining focused on protecting the economic interests of the mother country, especially through trade

After what major event did the British government make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire?

The seven years war

Virtual representation was the idea:

that each member of Britain's House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district.

With the Sugar Act, Britain

Cracked down on smuggling by persecuting accused smugglers without the benefit of a jury by trial

The Stamp Act created such a stir in the colonies because:

It was the first direct tax parliament imposed on the colonies

Americans were not represented in the House of Commons, and therefore felt they were being taxed without their consent. What rallying cry did this lead to?

No taxation without representation

Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes resistance to the stamp act?

Rowdy, vocal, and widespread

Declatory Act

Rejected American claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes

What became of the Stamp Act?

A year after it was passed, Parliament repealed it and passed the Declaratory Act.

What was the aim of the townshend acts?

raising revenue by taxing imported goods

The Boston massacre occurred when British soldiers...

Fired into a mob and killed a number of Boston residents

Why did colonists object to the tea act?

By paying it, they would be acknowledging Great Britain's right to tax the colonists.

Who was the most directly harmed by the Boston tea party?

The East India company

What is the significance of the battle of Lexington and concord?

It is considered the battle that started the revolutionary war

What made Thomas Paine's Common Sense a unique document?

It expanded the size of the public sphere, going beyond the elite

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Declaration of Independence?

It claimed a natural right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

In writing the Declaration of Independence, which of lockers natural rights did Jefferson replace, and with what?

He replaced "property" with "the pursuit of happiness"

The idea of "American exceptionalism" that developed in the revolutionary era refers to what belief?

The United States has a special mission to serve as a refuge from tyranny and a model of universal freedom for the rest of the world

Next to national independence, what was the second most significant concession the United States gained in the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

A large piece of territory with the Mississippi river as its western border

Stamp Act

Created one of the first new taxes on the colonies that went on to spur a crisis because colonist felt it violated their liberty

Sons of liberty

Street protestors that had a large following and helped enforce the boycott of British goods

Common sense

Was a pamphlet that argued for American independence and declared America "an asylum for mankind"

Virtual Representation

Was the idea that each member of parliament represented the entire empire

Patrick Henry

declared "Give me liberty, or give me death!" While urging a Virginia convention to begin military preparations

East India company

Was the beneficiary of the tea act and the victim of the Boston tea party

Thomas Hutchinson

Served as Massachusetts lieutenant governor and saw his home destroyed in a riot

George Washington

Served as commander of the continental army and was a slaveholder from Virginia

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote a summary view of the rights of British America and the Declaration of Independence, also a slaveholder

Charles Townshend

Served as British chancellor of the exchequer and devised a set of new taxes on the colonists

Which of the following would have been realistically able to hold office in the new America of 1783?

Protestant

Which of the following would have been allowed, if not welcomed, at least tolerated with minimal problems from the mainstream people of 18th century America?

All are correct; Methodists, anglicans, Catholics, and Lutherans

Of the following which would be the LEAST accepted in 18th century America?

Jews

Which of the following it the most accurate statement?

Separation of church and state was present but not vigorous

What was the economic system practiced by the new United States of America?

Capitalism

What is inflation?

A general rise in prices

What is the main problem with inflation?

Prices rise but if wages and/or profits don't also rise then purchasing power falls rather than rising

Which of the following could, or would, end inflation?

All; Doing nothing (free market will fix inflation sooner or later), government intervention by either increased interest rates or decreased supply of money, also government intervention by controlling prices and wages

On which of the following were taxes levied in the new United States?

Land

Who got to Vite in this new America? (Brand new right after independence)

White property owning males

Which of the following men was NOT in washingtons government?

Benjamin Franklin

What was the main source of political divisions that surfaced in 1790 and 1791?

A financial plan developed by Alexander Hamilton that favored merchants over farmers

What vision of America's future guided Thomas Jefferson and James Madison?

A rural republic of independent farmers freely selling their goods to a global market