Microevolution

Hardy Weinberg

A population is in ________ equilibrium if the genotype frequencies are the same in each generation.

Microevolution

________: consists of changes in a single gene in a population over time; a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.

Assortative

________: individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate.

Natural selection

________ brings out adaptive evolution by acting on an organisms phenotype.

Gene flow

________ is more likely than mutation to alter allele frequencies directly.

Genetic drift

________ can cause harmful alleles to become fixed.

Bottleneck

________: when disaster strikes and chance alone leads to certain alleles being more or less present in survivors.

Disassortative

________: dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially.

Alleles

________ can be transferred through the movement of fertile individuals or gametes.

biological conditions

As long as a population satisfies ________ the allele frequencies (p and q-> dominant and recessive allele, respectively) are the same in each generation.

Migration

________ and nonrandom mating: one member of the population is not equally likely to mate with any other member.

Speciation

________: the origin of new species; at the focal point of evolutionary theory.

Mutation

________ is not occurring (specifically in our germ cells)

Evolutionary theory

________ must explain how new species originate and how populations evolve.

small number of individuals

Founder effect: ________ become isolated from a larger population.

Evolution

________ by natural selection involves both chance and "sorting.

particular allele

Inbreeding: does not favor any ________ but does increase the likelihood the individual will be homozygous.

genetic variation

Can reduce ________ in populations, potentially reducing its ability to evolve in response to new selective pressures.

Beneficial alleles

________ are "sorted "and favored by natural selection.

Genetic drift

________ can lead to a loss or fixation of an allele (Frequency= 0 or 100 %)

Gene flow

________ tends to reduce differences between populations over time.

Natural selection

________ is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.

gene flow

There is no migration " (________) "in or out of the population.

Genetic drift

________ is significant (and faster) in small populations.

Gene flow

________: the movement of alleles among populations.

Genetic drift

________: unpredictable changes in allele frequency in a small population.

Speciation

the origin of new species; at the focal point of evolutionary theory

Microevolution

consists of changes in a single gene in a population over time; a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Relative fitness

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

Founder effect

small number of individuals become isolated from a larger population

Bottleneck

when disaster strikes and chance alone leads to certain alleles being more or less present in survivors

Migration and nonrandom mating

one member of the population is not equally likely to mate with any other member

Gene flow

the movement of alleles among populations

Balancing selection

maintains genetic diversity

Balanced polymorphism

two or more alleles are kept in balance, and therefore are maintained in a population over

Heterozygote advantage

HS allele

Genetic drift

unpredictable changes in allele frequency in a small population

Assortative

individuals with similar phenotypes are more likely to mate

Disassortative

dissimilar phenotypes mate preferentially

Inbreeding

does not favor any particular allele but does increase the likelihood the individual will be homozygous