Respirtory System TEST

What is the function if the respirtory system?

Gas exchange between blood and the external envirnoment

WHta is a collapsed lung also called?

Pneumothorax (atelectasis)

WHere are the vocal cords?

In the glottis

What causes alveoli to be damaged and lose elacticity

emphysema

What structure is within the epiglottis

Vocal cords/folds

Mediastinum

central portion of thoracic cavity

What type of gas exchaneg occurs in the respirort system?

Between gas and the external environment

O2 In and CO2 Out

Parts of the upper respiratory system

-Nose

-Nasal Cavity

-Paranasal sinuses

-Pharynx

Parts of the Lower respiratory system

-Layrnx (voice box)

-Trachea (windpipe)

-Bronchi

-Bronchioles

-Lungs (alveoli)

What is the only externally visible part of the respiratory system?

Nose

What cavity is in the interior of the nose?

Nasal cavity

Waht is the nasal cavity divided by?

Nasal septum (anterior part is hyaline cartlitge and the posterior part is bone)

Passageway to the lungs

Purify, humidify, and warm teh incoming air

What are olfactory receptors

smell

Where are the Olfactory receptors located?

In the mucosa on the superior surface

What is te rest of the nasal cavity lined with?

Respiratory mucosa

What does teh respirtory mucosa do

Moisten air

Trap incoming fioregin particles

All of the homeostatic inbalences

• Epistaxis (nosebleed)

• tramua

• drying

• infection

• allergies

• clotting disordres

• hypertension

Epistaxis

Nose bleed

Where does teh gas exchnage of the respirory systen occur?

Alveoli

What do the lateral walls of the nasal cavity have?

Projctions called Conchae

(pharynx) Nasopharynx

superior region behind nasal cavity

(pharynx) Oropharynx

the middle region behind the mouth

What are common passageways for air and food

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

What is the pharynx

Throat

Muscular passage from the nasal cavity to the larynx

(pharynx) Laryngopharynx

inferior region attached to the larynx

Three regions of the Pharaynx

• Nasopharynx—superior region behind the nasal cavity

• Oropharynx—the middle region behind the mouth

• Laryngopharynx—inferior region attached to the larynx

Cleft palate

-failure of the bones to fuse medially

 -results in breathing problems w/ oral cavity functions such as chewing and speaking       

Sinusitis

sinus inflammation changes voice quality headaches

What is the function of the sinuses

• Lighten the skull

• Act as resonance chambers for speech

• Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Rhinitis

Homeostatic imbalence

 Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, excessive mucous produced, nasal congestion & postnasal drip

What bones are the sinuses located in?

• Frontal bone

• Sphenoid bone

• Ethmoid bone

• Maxillary bone

What are cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called

Sinuses

How is the nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity?

• Anterior hard palate (bone)

• Posterior soft palate (muscle)

What do conchae do?

• Increase surface area

• Increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity

What does the larynx (voicebox) do to food and air?

Routes air and food into proper channels

Whar does the Layrnx (voice box) play a role in?

speech

What is the Layrnx (voice box) made of?

Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Where do the Pharyngotympanic tubes (Eustachian tube) open into?

nasopharynx

Where are the Lingual tonsils located

at the base of the tongue

Where are the Palatine tonsils located

oropharyn

Where is the Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) located

in nasopharynx

   tonsils

clusters of lymphatic tissue

What happens when swallowing to the epiglottis ad the layrnx?

When swallowing,

The epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

Hiw to the vocl cords create sound?

They vibrate with expelled air to createe the sound (speech)

What is the walls of the trachea?

C-shaped hylaine cartlitge

(homeostatic imbalance) Tonsillitis

Inflammed or swollen tonsil

(homeostatic imbalance) Laryngitis

loss of or impaired voice

Glotttis

Opening between vocal cords

Vocal cords

(true vocal cords)

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

Covers the lungs surface

(1st stage of respiration) Pulmonary ventilation

Breathing

• moving air in and out of the lungs

WHat does bicarbonate ion (HCO₃) do?

buffering the blood. In the lungs, ion diffuses into RBC & combine with H⁺ to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which quickly splits into H₂O & CO_2.

  - small amount is carried by hemoglobin

Expiration

Bfrething out

-flow of air leaving lungs

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during ______________

Inspiration

During inspiration thhe size of the thoracic cavity ______

Increases

Largely a passive  process which depends on natural lung elasticity

Expiration

How does forced expiration occur?

contracting intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

What increases and decreases during expiration?

•  Decrease in intrapulmonary volume

• Increase in gas pressure

What increased and decreased in Inspiration

Intrapulmonary Volume increases

gas presssure decreaases

Hypoventilation

extremely slow or shallow breathing. 

Accumulates  CO₂

decreases pH

What happens when there is decreased amounts of carbonic acid?

lowers blood carbon dioxide

increases pH

Hyperventilation

increased breathing pattern blows off more CO2

How is respiratory rate controlled?

This is controlled by CO₂ concentrations in the blood  (medulla)

What is the normal respiration rate?

14-18 breaths/min

Inspiration

Breathing in

  - flow of air into lungs

What are the 2 phases of Breathing?

Inspiration

expiration

What do volume changes lead to?

pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure

What does bretheing depend on?

 volume changes in the thoracic cavity

What type of process is bretheing

 mechanical process

Dyspnea

Difficult/labored bretheing

Hypoxia

 inadequate supply of oxygen to tissues.   Due to hypoxia, people become cyanotic (bluish 

color).

How is Carbon Dioxide transported?

in plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO₃), which  

   plays a role in buffering the blood. In the lungs, ion

   diffuses into RBC & combine with H⁺ to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), which quickly splits into H₂O & CO_2.

  - small amount is carried by hemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin

  attaches to hemoglobin in RBC to form   

The 2 ways oxygen is transported into the blood

1:  attaches to hemoglobin in RBC to form   (oxyhemoglobin)

2:   a small amount is dissolved in the plasma

(4th stage of respiration) Internal respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries

(3rd stage of respiration) Respiratory gas transport

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream

(2nd stage of respiration) External respiration

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

• Oxygen is loaded into the blood

• Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood

The 4 events of respiration?

1:Pulmonary ventilation

2: External respiration

3: Respiratory gas transport

4: Internal respiration

What weeks of pregnacy does Surfactant (a lipid molecule) produce?

Between 28 & 30 weeks

Surfactant

Lipid molecule

coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Alveolar macrophages

Dust cells

add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris

In gas exchange, where does carbon dioxide enter?

Alveoli

In gas exchange, where does oxygen enter?

Blood

Hiw does gas cross the respirtory membrane?

Diffusion

Each side of the Respiratory membrance (Air-Blood Barrier)

On one side of the membrane is air

The other side is blood flowing past

Alveolar pores

Connect neighboorimg air sacs (aveoli)

What covers the external surfaces of alveoli?

Pulmonary capillaries

What lines the alveolar walls?

Thin squamous epithelial layer

Structures of the respiratory zone (gas exchange)

• Respiratory bronchioles

• Alveolar ducts

• Alveolar sacs

• Alveoli (air sacs)

Only site of gas exchange

aveoli

All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls

• Primary bronchi

• Secondary bronchi

• Tertiary bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Terminal bronchioles

The two pleura layers ______ being pulled apart

resist

Pleural fluid

Fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

Parietal pleura

Lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Serosa

Covering for the outer surface of the lung

How is the lungs divided?

Into lobes (left & right) by fissures

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Three lobes

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Two lobes

Where is the Apex and the Base of the lung located?

Apex: near the clavicle (superior portion)

Base: rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)