public speaking final

linear model for communication

one sided communication. the source sends a message and the receiver decodes the message

types of physical noise

other sounds, visual barriers, hunger, tiredness, distractions, poor volume and projection

types of psychological noise

occupation with other thoughts, emotional reaction to a topic, ill will toward a speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to message

interactive model of communication

views communication as a two sided loop that includes feedback from the receiver

transactional model of communication

communication is a constant two-sided loop. all parties simultaneously play the role of speaker and receiver

public speaking myths

its a talent not skill, its easy, there is no correct method to deliver a speech

communication apprehension

phobia to public speak/communicate with others

self-fulfilling prophecy

you convince yourself that something will happen and so it does

systematic desensitization

slowly introducing a person to something in small increments/doses until they are not afraid of it

ethics

morals and moral choices made by individuals

plagiarism

taking the intellectual achievements of someone else and presenting them as your own

global plaigiarism

taking an entire piece of work and saying it’s your own

incremental plagiarism

using part of someone else’s work and failing to cite them

patchwork plaigiarism

taking ideas from multiple sources, putting them together, and presenting them as your own without citing anyone.

patchworking

taking a piece of work and changing a few words but not enough for it to be yours

ethics for the speaker

maintain composure, describe people with respect, use gender-inclusive language, use language to collaborate, avoid profanity, balance simplicity and complexity as well as emotion and logic.

ethics for an audience member/receiver

keep an open mind, do not heckle, pay attention.

co-culture

groups of people impacted by a variety of smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

low-context cultures

meaning is taken directly from words “say what you mean and mean what you say”

high-context cultures

a lot of meaning is taken from nonverbal communication and less is placed on the words

race

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people

ethnicity

refers to a group of people who identify with each other based on common experiences like geographic or national origin

gender

a social construct that includes the beliefs and attitudes associated with being masculine or feminine

sexual orientation

the sex that someone is attracted to

ideology

a set of ideas and beliefs that shape our worldview

ethnocentric

believing that your group’s way of thinking is the only correct way.

specific purpose statement

a concise statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away

general purpose statement

a brief statement which aims what you will speak about; there are three types

5 characteristics of information literacy

1. know why you want certain info

2. know where to get info

3. know good vs bad quality info

4. create new knowledge

5. be accountable for your use of info

3 types of info

1. background (context)

2. unique (stats and quotes)

3. evidentiary (supports your thesis)

bias

an unfair preference or distortion of information

direct observation

perceive the situation and moment right before your speech

demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people (age, race, gender etc)

real example

an example that is factual

hypothetical example

an example that is fictional

brief example

one that is quick and can be really effective

extended examples

require more research than brief examples

statistics

numbers that organize a set of numbers to make them easier to visualize or understand

measures of central tendancy

mean, median and mode

testimony

using the words of other people as evidence

expert testimony

using the words of someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic

subordination

creating a hierarchy of ideas where general comes first and more specific follows

coordination

all information is equal and of the same significance

division

the principle that if there are subpoints, there must be two or more of them

thesis

a one sentence statement that says exactly what you will talk about in your speech

transition

a connecting statement that signals you are moving form one point to another

internal summary

a statement that summarizes what you have already covered but precedes the transition

signposts

keywords that signal to the audience the speaker is moving on

internal preview

an outline of what comes next in the speech, often combined with transitions

clincher

the final statement of your speech

deductive reasoning

uses premises to reach an unavoidable conclusion

categorical syllogism

an argument based on membership of a certain group

syllogism

lays out claims that build upon each other to reach a conclusion.

disjunctive syllogism

the major premise includes two or more mutually exclusive alternatives

conditional syllogism

major premise includes a hypothetical condition and its outcome

inductive reasoning

based on probabilities rather than absolutes

a necessary cause

a cause that must happen for the desired effect

sufficient cause

a cause that can produce the desired effect

reasoning by analogy

you compare two similar causes to argue that what is true in one is true in the other

literal analogy

when two cases being compared are classified the same way

figurative analogy

two cases being compared from two different classifications

reasoning by sign

the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

ad hominem

attacking someone’s character in an argument

ad vericundium

an appeal to authority: “because I’m your mom”

slippery slope

thinking that since one thing happened, more inevitable things will occur

non sequitur

making an unjustified sequence from one thing to another “because this, this”

straw man

oversimplifying the opponents position in an argument/misrepresenting their argument

either-or

assuming there are ony two alternatives in a situation

false cause

wrongly thinking that one event caused another (they are unrelated)

the red herring

distracting the opponent with something irrelevant

begging the question

assuming certain facts but they have not been proven

comprehension (persuasive speaking)

the audience understands the relevant components of the issue

integration (persuasive speaking)

the audience takes the position of the speaker on the issue

initial credibility

the credibility you have with an audience before you begin speaking based on their previous knowledge of you

derived credibility

credibility you gain as you speak

terminal credibility

sum of initial and derived credibility (post-speech cred)

questions of fact

when a speaker seeks to persuade people about how to interpret facts

question of value

persuasive speech about the rightness or wrongness of something

question of policy

a speaker takes a position on whether action should be taken in a situation

eulogy

an emotional speech, usually at a funeral

commemorative speech

celebratory speech

arbitrary

words have no real relationship with what they represent/mean

ambiguous

language does not have precise, concrete meaning

abstract

words cannot be touched, they are mere representations

synecdoche

using part of something to represent the whole

metonymy

using a tangible object to represent an intangible thing

archetypal metaphor

using common human experiences to represent another object

mixed mataphor

comparing two things that have no logical connection to each other

extamporaneous speech

a speech given with notes but not the entire speech in front of the speaker

accent

nonverbal behaviors that augment verbal messages

subsituting

physical actions take the place of spoken words in communication

regulating

nonverbal actions help the flow of the speech

autocratic leadership

the leader tells the group members what to do

laissez-faire leadership

the leader provides little direction for the group members

democratic leadership

the leader finds a balance between leading and letting other people lead

vital functions approach

leadership style where the leader assigns each group member a task that only they can do