final family

gender

the social realization of biological sex or that your opposite

gender identity

the identification with the categories man or women

is internal to the individual but developed through the interactions with others

gender expression

developing these parts of ourselves involves separate processes so the different labels apply to different experiences and stages of development

where social change occurs

the point of tension between conforming to accepted roles and expressing one’s own identity

social construction

the biological differences between sexes acquire meaning

18th century

the view of 2 sexes as two separate spheres

psychiatric disorder and gender dysphoria

trans used to be a psychiatric order and now it is gender dysphoria if it causes distress

who are more likely to come out at trans

older people because they don’t have to upkeep relations

gender socialization

process by which individals internalize elements of the social structure, making those elements part of their own personality

what goes through gender socialization

you're adapting your behavior to get along in the environment

includes learning how a gender is organized and expectations

mostly occurs in the market

agents of socialization

parents, media, schools, peers

media socialization

the tendency to define women and girls in relation to men and also the responses to the media can influence you 

parents socialization

they encourage personal autonomy and decisions making with girls while more controlling and directive with boys

peers socialization

their opinions matter most

they develop their gender identities through the activities they do

when did married women enter the labor force

1960s

occupational gender segregation

the jobs women do are similar to the ones they do at home

pay gap

we don’t need to pay women more since they do the same work at home, they might leave due to baby, men work harder

biology of sexes is important for studying what

social issues like fertility, infertility, sexual disorders, sexual behavior related to health

sexuality

ones identities and behaviors in relation to whether and whom they have sex with

sexual orientation

the pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to others in relations to one’s own gender identity

it is not fixed as it can change

heteronormativity

the assumption that everyone is straight and normal families are built around heterosexual relationships

where does sexual orientation come from

have a genetic component as hormonal influences in the womb when there are multiple pregnancies, but the specific genes have not been found

why sexual behavior is less constrained

we can explore partners with long term commitments through birth control

greater acceptance of sex outside marriages

growing independence of young adults

improving medical intervention and changing expectations

sexual double standard

the practice of applying stricter moral or legal controls to women’s sexual behavior

• - women shouldn’t initiate sex and limit their sexual behavior

• parents try harder to police their daughters’ sexual behavior than sons

why is teen sex declining

they are doing more oral sex

pregnancy decline because of birth control

sex education about condoms because abstinence education has higher pregnancy rates

3 issues related to sexually transmitted diseases

role of sex education with school, local, state and federal programs

social networks, a network diagram is useful for studying the patterns of relations between people and clues to how a particular disease infects a community

inequality, sexual health reflects access to education, family structure, healthcare

how to study sexuality

sociologist study identities, focusing on the identification with sex categories and sexual orientation

survey style is the main method

decline of marriage

• - people are getting married when older

• - more a symbolic achievement than a practical necessity

• - women’s independence reduces the incentive for men to marry since they can’t count on their wife’s to take care of family

• - preferences and social pressure intervene with people’s opinions

why do people still get married

• - leaving marriages is optional and behavior within marriage is more negotiable

• - social pressure

marriage rates by race

• - intermarriage with black and white has slowly increased \

• - native American out marry

• - Asian women are likely to out marry so Asian men are now getting married when older

• - black women are less likely to out marry with groups less likely to marry African American

benefits of marriage

• - marriages haven’t grown happier but the people are happier than single people

• - men are happier than the women are

• - whites are more likely to say they are happier than black women

• - if you share religious belief, you are more happy

selection effect

happens when the people or groups you study are not a fair or random sample of the whole population. Instead, they are chosen in a way that makes them different from others, so your results don’t truly represent the whole group you’re interested in

• - if you only study people who volunteer for a survey, or only interview people at a certain type of place, you might miss other groups who don’t fit that description. This can make your findings look different from reality.

• - like people are already wealthy before marriage

responsibility in marriage

 The productive routine - sense of responsibility and obligations that people take on when they are married seem to promote healthier behavior.

• - Men have more suicide rates, but they have more suicide rates in older men who just retired because of identity issue of not having responsibility 

social status in marriage as a reward

• - men get higher salary because they are more deserving of a higher pay (need more money for family, most likely not to leave job) 

             - women are less likely to get hired as they have kids, won't be productive as men are, earn less 

fertility

the number of children born to the average women in her lifetime

total fertility rate

the number of children born to the average women in her lifetime

• - most families have 2 children

• - Latinos having most children as it’s a cultural expectation

• - single parenthood is more likely in blacks and peutroricans, Indian

kids living arrangments

• - children who live with cohabiting parents include multiple transitions in family

• - children have to adjust to altered parenting because of steparents, extended family

parents provide what

socialization - parents are the first agents of socialization, teaching fundamental values, norms, and behaviors. occurs through close, personal relationships within the family, where children learn what is considered right and wrong, how to interact with others, and the basic skills necessary for societal participation.

social bonds - foundation of learning and development. create environments and practices that promote emotional connection, trust, and shared experiences. as they help children feel safe, valued, and capable of forming positive relationships. Parents can start by scheduling regular quality time, using play to connect, and reinforcing a culture of openness and mutual respect

social network - parents choose your neighbor (that impacts your peers, how you behave), they pick your school and that impacts your future

meaning of childhood

child labor is not allowed anymore

foster families are not allowed to have children work for them

good parenting

supportiveness - including spending time with children and being accessible

monitoring - useful rule setting creates an environment for healthy development

discipline - when used in a consistent and proportional way, helps develop a sense of security in kids

• - parents with higher education do parenting better as they have better resources

authoritative parenting

when parents are demanding but still listen to their needs

authoritarian parenting

when they demand but are not responsive

• - higher education parents spend more time and money so they don’t want to hear the excuses

involved father ideal

defining the father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as provides for them.

• - fathers now believe spending time with kids is more important than work and be as involved as the mother

provider male ideal

as an economic provider and authority figure for his children

care work

work performed face to face for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of another person

housework

• - work to maintain a household’s function

• - care work and housework is performed by people outside of the family from washing machines to childcare workers

market work

work done by employees for pay

system of care

to describe how a society accomplishes the necessary care work and housework

- the decision to divide housework is the individuals within them and economic pressures make the choices difficult

• based on budgets, you decide which housework outsource the market and economic pressures make the choices difficult  

in 1990s, women employment jumped

• alot of them go to college and work with kids

• people born in the 60s went through transformations with delated marriage, falling birth rates, womenswork

Gender division of labor  

the allocation of work between men and women in society  

occupational segregation

gender division of labor produces occupational segregation

• men and women having jobs in separate occupations  

• Together with the way men and women divide unpaid care work and housework 

• Women are naturally inclined to do unpaid work in the work so as their jobs are similar to housework, they need to get paid less 

• Men and women support gender equality, as attitudes shifted, occupational segregation declined 

second shift

womens movement into the workforce has increased their independence and thier own incomes but still stuck with a “second shift” with housework and childcare  

Time use studies! 

• A method for studying unpaid work , a way to study how people fill their days with activities  

• The greater hours of paid work for men are balances out by the greater hours of unpaid work for women like Cognitive labor – making plans and keeping track of everyone’s needs 

gender balance

• Feminist social scientists have argued that division of unpaid work within families is a source of gender inequality  

 - others counter that division of labor represents a rational, cooperative response of families to the demands of their time and money 

     - for truth to both sides – time use data show that married women have cut their housework time roughly in half over the last century while married men have doubled theirs. Both parents increased their time with children 

3 factors within couples that seem to account for the fact that women perform so much more men: time, resources, and gender  

• the partner with greater obligations away from home does less housework and childcare because they have less time available. Since mens employement rates are higher, they are more likely to be away from home 

• Partner with grater personal resources are more likely to take the upper hand in the negotiation and do less unpaid labor. The person who has the earnings controls more resources and has more decision power. If they both make the same money then they split it more equally 

• The way you were raised is how you expect the same (hispanic and asian women are less likely to be in the workforce). 

motherhood penalty

the loss of earnings women experience after they have children.

• research shows that their occupational choices aren’t the explanation for their lower earnings either (Glauber 2012).

• In fact, many mothers lose earnings because of employer discrimination.

• it is women with the highest earnings potential—those in professional occupations such as doctors and lawyers—who lose the most in terms of future wages when they take time out of the labor force to have children

fatherhood premium

they earn more than men who aren’t fathers—partly because (when they are married) the labor and support of their wives helps them get ahead at work

family friend policy

In the United States, care work is much more market based than it is in many other countries, which tend to have more state-based solutions.

• For example, children here spend more time in the care of their parents or informal caregivers, paid for by their own families.

• In Europe, children spend more time in professional day care centers, and the expense is much more often borne by the government

• Even though it was a government act, FMLA did not really change all that. Rather, the law attempted to protect the family’s role in the system of care by protecting workers’ ability to spend time caring for their family members.

• United States is the only wealthy country that still does not guarantee any paid leave to parents to care for their children

FMLA law

under the law, workers are entitled to unpaid leave up to 12 weeks but it only applies to government workers and those in private sector who have worked for at least a year at a workplace with at least 50 employees

limitations of FMLA

• leave is unpaid

• many people aren’t covered as FMLA is not a national policy

• many employers offer leave only grudgingly; the employees are punished later with no wage increase or promotions

earnings in couples

Men earned substantially more in 57 percent of the couples; women earned substantially more in 21 percent of the couples; and each partner’s earnings were within $10,000 in 21 percent of couples.