HMS term2

what are 5 functions of the skeletal system

• support

• protection

• movement

• mineral storage

• blood cell production

explanation of skeletal system functions

slupport: provides a framework for the attachment of soft connective tissue, e.g. muscles 

Protection: protects internal organs, e.g. ribs protect the heart/lungs

Movement: when muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement

Mineral storage: bones store calcium/phosphorus which are released when needed

Blood cell production: most blood cell formation occurs within the red blood marrow

what is the axal skeleton

Provides a central support axis. Includes skull, sternum, ribs. Provides main structure for the skeleton and the core stability, allowed bones of the joined appendicular skeleton move efficiently

what is the appendicular skeleton

Supports and attaches to the axial skeleton. Includes the bones of the limbs, as well as the shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle

what are the 5 types of bones

• long bones

• short bones

• flat bones

• irregular bones

• seasmoid bones

definition of long bones

provide structural support, act as levers for movement, contain bone marrow for blood cell production, e.g. femur, humerus

definition of short bones

cube like, provide stability and support with little movement, absorb impact and distribute force, e.g. carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones)

definition of flat bones

flat, thin bones, protects vital organs, serve as attachment site for muscles (brain, skull, heart)

definition of irregular bones

complicated in shape, support body weight, protect spinal cord, allowed for specialised movements, e.g. vertebrae, pelvis

definition of seasmoid bones

small bones imbedded in the tendons where pressure develops, reduce friction, act as pulleys for tendons and improve joint efficiency, e.g. patella

what are the 3 elements of joint structure

• Joints provide us with mobility

• A joint articulation is the point where the bones meet

• Joint hold skeleton together

what are the 3 types of joints

• fibrous

• synovial

• cartilaginous

explanation of the 3 joint types

Fibrous: bones have no joint cavity and are held together by strong connective tissue e,g skull

Cartilaginous: bones have no joint cavity and are held together by cartilage, e.g. vertebrae

Synovial: held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid in the joint cavity, e.g. hip and shoulder (ball and socket)

what are ligaments

bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and provide joint stability that permits movement

what are tendons

join muscle to bone, which enables movement of the bones when muscles contract

what is cartilage

is a hard/shiny covering allowing for smooth, pain free movement, stops friction occurring in the degeneration of bones

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

• gliding

• hinger

• pivot

• ellipsoid

• saddle

• ball and socket

what is a gliding synovial joint

Side to side or back and forth movement is permitted across these usually flat surfaces e.g. carpals and tarsals

what is a hinge synovial joint

The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another and movement occurs e.g. elbow, knee

what is a pivot synovial joint

primary movement is rotation, where the surface of one bone articulates with opening of another, e.g. end of radius/ulna

what is the saddle synovial joint

surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the other bone sits on it like a rider e.g. the carpal and the metacarpal of the thumb

what is the ball and socket synovial joint

ball surface of one bone fits into a cup, very moveable joints e.g. hip and shoulder

what are the 3 functions of the muscular system

• Provide movement to walk, jump. run, breathe, digest, excrete

• Provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs

• Generate heat to maintain body temperature

3 types of muscle tissue

• skeletal muscle

• smooth muscle

• cardiac muscle

what is the skeletal muscle

attached to bones, moves the skeleton. Contraction is under control and movement of the muscle is voluntary e.g. biceps, tricep

what is the smooth muscle

located on walls of our internal structures, such as stomach, blood vessel, intestines, movement is involuntary

what is cardiac muscle

forms most of heart, muscle is striated, movement is involuntary

what are the 2 kinds of muscle fibers

• Slow twitch: contract slowly, produce less force, fatigue slowly, suited to aerobic events, e.g. sprint

• Fast twitch: contracts quickly, produce deal of force, fatigue quick, suited anaerobic events, e.g. triathlon

muscles can be categorised into 3 groups…

1. Agonists: muscles provide the main force that causes the desired movement (movers)

2. Antagonists: the muscle that opposes or reverses a movement (reactors)

3. Stabilisers: muscle that aids agonists by reducing unnecessary movement or undesired actions (fixators)

what are the 2 types of muscle contractions

1. Isotonic: concentric (contracting, shortening), eccentric (lengthening), involves movement 

2. Isometric: muscle contractions that occur with no movement, tensing, e.g planks

what are the 4 biomechanical principles

1. Motion: generated by muscular contractions/ joint actions

2. Balance/stability: help maintain control and posture

3. Force: applied to produce movement and overcome resistance

4. Fluid mechanics: influence motion through air/water resistance impacting running, swimming, cyclingwhat

what are the 3 types of motion

• linear

• angular

• general

explain the 3 types of motion

1. Linear: straight line movement All parts of body or object travel same distance, in same amount of time at same speed, e.g. freestyle swimmer, downhill skier

2. Angular: movement on axis of rotation, an imaginary line about which a body rotates

3. General: combination of angular and linear motion, e.g. general motion is an NRL prop running, deviating by stepping and spinning to avoid contact