Sports Psych #3

Imagery

Stimulation that involves recalling from memory info stored from experience + shaping those pieces into meaningful images

• multiple senses

• Motivation specific or general (Pavio)

• Cognitive specific or general (Pavio)

5 Key Characteristics of Imagery

Modality→ senses used

Perspective→ 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person

Angle→ view angle from external perspective

Agency→ author of image (you or someone else)

Deliberation→ degree of imagery being deliberate or spontaneous

Perspective

Internal→ good for closed tasks + tasks requiring perception + anticipation

External→ good for open tasks + skills needing form

Effectiveness Factors of Imagery

stronger…

• effects on cognitive tasks

• for skilled athletes

• for skilled vividness + control

• when combined with physical practice

• image speed

Psychoneuromuscular Theory

imagery programs muscles for actions

Symbolic Learning Theory

imagery helps us understand + acquire movement patterns (mental blueprints)

Bioinformational Theory

image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain

• stimulus or response in an environment

Functional Equivalence Theory

Most used in psychology and in life

Focuses on neural patterns underlying movement patterns

Triple Code Model

imagery comprised of ISM

• I→image

• S→ somatic response (physiological changes)

• M→ meaning of image

3 Psychological Explanations of Imagery Effects

Attention/Arousal set theory→ imagery functions as a preparatory set that assists in reaching optimal arousal to focus on task relevant cues only

Psychological Skills Hypothesis→ imagery develops psych skills + reduces anxiety

Motivational Function→ imagery focuses on positive outcomes

Imagery Keys

Vividness and Controllability

PETTLEP Model for Developing and Imagery Program

Physical nature of movement

Environment specifics

Task Type

Timing of movement

Learning the content of movement

Perspective

Self-Confidence

belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

• Dispositional (trait)→ one’s degree of certainty about one’s ability to succeed across time + situations

• State→ one’s degree of belief in one’s ability to succeed in the present circumstance

• Sport→ one’s belief in one’s ability to be successful in a sport specific situation

Expectancy

Self-fulfilling prophecy→ expecting and causing a positive outcome

Negative self-fulfilling prophecy→ expecting and causing failure