Neurotransmitters, Brain Systems, and Drug Actions in Psychology
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41 Terms
Drug action occurs where?
Synapse
What is an agonist?
Activates receptor
What is an antagonist?
Blocks receptor
What is disinhibition?
Removing inhibition to increase activity
What does BBB do?
Protects brain from chemicals
Why can't dopamine be given directly?
It cannot cross BBB
What is used instead of dopamine?
L-DOPA
What does serotonin regulate?
Mood and safety
Low serotonin causes what?
Depression and anxiety
What does dopamine regulate?
Reward, motivation, movement
Low dopamine causes what?
Parkinson's disease
High dopamine causes what?
Schizophrenia
What neurotransmitter reduces fear?
GABA
Low GABA leads to what?
Anxiety
What neurotransmitter is lost in Alzheimer's?
Acetylcholine
What is tolerance?
Need more drug for same effect
What is sensitization?
Need less drug for same effect
What drives addiction behavior?
Expectation of reward
Which brain area is reward center?
Nucleus accumbens
What system drives reward behavior?
Behavioral Activation System
What system drives fear/avoidance?
Behavioral Avoidance System
What is ADHD caused by?
Dopamine dysfunction in PFC
How do ADHD drugs work?
Increase dopamine
Why aren't ADHD drugs addictive in ADHD patients?
They restore normal levels
What brain area is overactive in anxiety?
Amygdala
What system controls stress response?
HPA axis
What hormone is released in stress?
Cortisol
What causes depression?
Low serotonin and dopamine
What is anhedonia?
Loss of pleasure
What causes schizophrenia?
Too much dopamine
What is a side effect of antipsychotics?
Parkinson-like symptoms
What causes Parkinson's disease?
Loss of dopamine neurons
What is used to treat Parkinson's?
L-DOPA
Why is L-DOPA used?
It crosses BBB
What causes Alzheimer's disease?
Loss of ACh neurons
What is placebo effect?
Real effect not caused by drug
What causes placebo effect?
Endorphin release
What proves placebo effect is biological?
Naloxone blocks it
What is a double-blind study?
Neither subject nor researcher knows treatment
Why use double-blind studies?
Eliminate placebo bias
What is the goal of drug treatment?
Restore neural balance