Academic Review Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary review of diverse topics including Algebra, Calculus, Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Language Arts based on the lecture notes provided.

Set

A collection of well-defined elements or objects.

Union

A collection of objects that belong to set A OR to set B.

Intersection

A collection of objects that belong to set A AND set B.

Cardinality

The number of elements of a finite set, denoted by $n(A)$.

Integers

Numbers without a fractional component, consisting of zero, positive whole numbers, and their inverses.

Polynomials

Expressions that involve variables with exponents, such as $2x^2 + 7y - 9$.

Function

A representation of the dependence between a control variable $x$ and an outcome $y$ with a one-to-one or many-to-one correspondence.

Synthetic Division

A short and simple method of division applied when the divisor is in the form $x - a$.

Differentiation

The process of getting the derivative of a function at a given point, measuring the instantaneous rate-of-change.

Antidifferentiation

The process of getting the antiderivative or integral of a function.

Geometry

A branch of mathematics dealing with shape, size, the relative position of figures, and properties of space, derived from the Greek words 'geo' and 'metron'.

Polygon

A flat and closed figure consisting of straight line segments called sides that meet at points called vertices.

Circle

A closed flat figure formed by a set of points equidistant from a common center.

Qualitative data

Data that yields categorical responses in survey research.

Discrete quantitative data

Numerical responses which arise from a counting process.

Mean

The arithmetic average of observed data; the most probable value.

Probability

A numerical measure of the likelihood of an event, with values assigned between $0$ and $1$ only.

Central Limit Theorem (CLT)

The principle stating that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately normal if the sample size is at least $30$.

Hypothesis

A tentative answer to a framed scientific question.

Independent variable

The factor that is manipulated in a scientific experiment.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the cells of an organism.

Cell Theory

The principle stating all organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.

Mitochondrion

The 'powerhouse' of the cell where cellular respiration occurs and most $ATP$ is generated.

Mitosis

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Law of Segregation

A Mendelian law stating allele pairs separate during gamete formation and randomly reform during fertilization.

Transcription

The process where $RNA$ for protein synthesis is created from $DNA$, involving base pairing of adenine with uracil.

Dermal tissue

Also known as epidermis, it is a single layer of tightly-packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of a plant.

Neuron

The functional unit of nervous tissue that transmits nerve impulses.

Endocrine System

A system responsible for the coordination of body activities through hormones like insulin and glucagon.

Homeostasis

The steady-state physiological condition of the body.

Biomes

Major types of terrestrial ecosystems, such as tropical forests, deserts, and tundras.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as fuel and building material for cells.

Lipids

Diverse hydrophobic molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids like cholesterol.

Enzyme

A catalytic protein that speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers.

Matter

Anything that occupies space and displays the properties of mass and inertia.

Pure Substance

A substance that cannot be further broken down by physical means.

Octet Rule

The tendency of representative elements to attain a share of $8$ electrons in their valence shells for stability.

Nebular Theory

The theory proposing that the solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called solar nebula.

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from the cooling of lava (extrusive) or magma (intrusive).

Plate Tectonics

A theory stating the Earth's surface is broken into large plates that move over time, causing earthquakes and volcanism.

Displacement

A vector quantity describing the shortest distance between initial and final positions with a specific direction.

Law of Inertia

Newton's first law stating motion will not change unless acted upon by an external force.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with motion, calculated as $KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$.

Ohm’s Law

The principle that current is directly proportional to the voltage applied across a material at a given temperature.

Refraction

The bending of the path of a light wave as it passes across the boundary separating two different media.

Conjunctions

Words used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, classified into coordinating and subordinating types.

Parallelism

The placement of equal ideas in words, phrases, or clauses of similar grammatical types.

Pandiwa

The Filipino term for a verb or word that expresses an action.

Tayutay

The Filipino term for figures of speech, used to create aesthetic or emotional effects in language.

Anapora

A figure of speech involving the repetition of a word at the beginning of successive statements or clauses.