psychopathology 2

What are the four major types of child maltreatment?

Neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional/psychological abuse.

What is neglect?

Failure to meet a child’s physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs.

What are signs of neglect in a child?

Frequent absences, poor hygiene, lack of food/clothing, lack of medical care, or stating no caregiver is home.

What are signs of neglect in a parent?

Indifference to the child, apathy, bizarre behavior, or substance abuse.

What is physical abuse?

Non-accidental physical force causing or risking injury.

What is sexual abuse?

Engaging a child in sexual activity they cannot legally consent to.

What is contact sexual abuse?

Touching, sexual assault, rape, or forced physical engagement.

What is non-contact sexual abuse?

Exposure, voyeurism, child pornography, or online grooming.

What are signs of sexual abuse in a child?

Difficulty walking, nightmares, unusual sexual behavior/knowledge, appetite changes, or attaching quickly to strangers.

What is emotional/psychological abuse?

Patterns of behavior that harm a child’s self-worth through criticism, rejection, threats, or emotional deprivation.

What are signs of emotional abuse in a child?

Extreme behavior, aggression/passivity, developmental delays, suicidal behavior, or lack of attachment.

What are signs of emotional abuse in a parent?

Constant criticism, belittling, rejecting the child, or refusing help.

What is the DSM-5 trauma criterion for PTSD?

Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.

What are intrusion symptoms in PTSD?

Flashbacks, nightmares, distressing memories, trauma reenactment, and distress to reminders.

What are avoidance symptoms in PTSD?

Avoiding trauma-related thoughts, feelings, people, places, or reminders.

What are negative cognition/mood symptoms in PTSD?

Negative beliefs, guilt, emotional numbness, detachment, inability to feel positive emotions, or memory gaps.

What are hyperarousal symptoms in PTSD?

Hypervigilance, irritability, reckless behavior, concentration problems, sleep problems, and exaggerated startle response.

How long must PTSD symptoms last?

More than 1 month.

What is different about PTSD criteria in preschool children?

Only one avoidance symptom is required and intrusive memories may not seem distressing.

What are the three symptom clusters of ODD?

Angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness.

What are angry/irritable mood symptoms in ODD?

Loses temper, easily annoyed, angry, or resentful.

What are argumentative/defiant symptoms in ODD?

Argues with authority figures, refuses rules, deliberately annoys others, and blames others.

What are vindictive symptoms in ODD?

Being spiteful or vindictive at least twice in 6 months.

How long must ODD symptoms persist?

At least 6 months.

How often must ODD symptoms occur in children age 5 or older?

At least once per week for 6 months.

What is Conduct Disorder (CD)?

A repetitive pattern of violating others’ rights or societal norms.

What are aggression symptoms in CD?

Bullying, fighting, cruelty, weapon use, stealing with confrontation, or forcing sexual activity.

What are destruction of property symptoms in CD?

Fire-setting or deliberate destruction of property.

What are deceitfulness/theft symptoms in CD?

Breaking in, lying for gain, or stealing valuable items.

What are serious rule violation symptoms in CD?

Running away, truancy, or staying out at night before age 13.

How many CD symptoms are required?

At least 3 symptoms in 12 months, with 1 in the last 6 months.

What is childhood-onset CD?

At least one symptom before age 10.

What is adolescent-onset CD?

No symptoms before age 10.

What are traits in the limited prosocial emotions specifier?

Lack of remorse, lack of empathy, shallow affect, and unconcern about performance.

What are the two symptom domains of ADHD?

Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

What are inattentive symptoms of ADHD?

Careless mistakes, poor attention, not listening, disorganization, forgetfulness, losing things, distractibility, and avoiding mental effort.

What are hyperactive symptoms of ADHD?

Fidgeting, leaving seat, excessive movement, inability to play quietly, being “on the go,” and excessive talking.

What are impulsive symptoms of ADHD?

Blurting out answers, interrupting others, and difficulty waiting turns.

How long must ADHD symptoms persist?

At least 6 months.

Before what age must ADHD symptoms appear?

Before age 12.

In how many settings must ADHD symptoms occur?

Two or more settings.

What are the three ADHD presentations?

Combined, Predominantly Inattentive, and Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive.

What are the two main DSM-5 domains for ASD?

Social communication deficits and restricted/repetitive behaviors.

What are symptoms of deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in ASD?

Difficulty with conversation, reduced sharing of emotions/interests, and limited social interaction.

What are symptoms of deficits in nonverbal communication in ASD?

Poor eye contact, limited facial expressions, and difficulty understanding gestures/body language.

What are symptoms of deficits in relationships in ASD?

Difficulty making friends, adjusting behavior socially, and understanding social rules.

What are repetitive behavior symptoms in ASD?

Hand flapping, rocking, lining up toys, echolalia, or repetitive speech.

What are symptoms of insistence on sameness in ASD?

Rigid routines, distress with changes, ritualized behaviors, and difficulty with transitions.

What are restricted interest symptoms in ASD?

Intense or unusually focused interests.

What are sensory symptoms in ASD?

Sensitivity to sounds/textures, fascination with movement, unusual touching/smelling, or indifference to pain.

When must ASD symptoms be present?

In the early developmental period.

What are common ASD red flags?

Poor eye contact, lack of response to name, delayed speech, lack of gestures, reduced social interest, and repetitive behaviors.