final for ap1

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

Hydrophilic

Water-loving phospholipid head

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing phospholipid tail

Diffusion

Movement from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

In osmosis, water moves toward what?

Higher solute concentration

Active transport

Movement from low to high concentration using ATP

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

Pumps 3 Na out and 2 K in

Hypertonic solution effect on cell

Cell shrinks

Hypotonic solution effect on cell

Cell swells

Isotonic solution effect on cell

No net movement of water

Simple squamous epithelium function

Diffusion and filtration

Location of simple squamous epithelium

Alveoli and capillaries

Stratified squamous epithelium function

Protection

Location of stratified squamous epithelium

Skin, mouth, esophagus

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Secretion and absorption

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

Kidney tubules and glands

Simple columnar epithelium function

Absorption and secretion

Location of simple columnar epithelium

Digestive tract

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium function

Moves mucus

Location of pseudostratified epithelium

Respiratory tract

Function of areolar connective tissue

Wraps and cushions organs

Function of adipose tissue

Fat storage and insulation

Dense regular connective tissue location

Tendons and ligaments

Function of hyaline cartilage

Support and reduces friction

Location of fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Bone tissue function

Support and mineral storage

Three layers of skin

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Function of epidermis

Protection

Function of dermis

Contains blood vessels, glands, nerves

Hypodermis contains mostly what tissue?

Adipose tissue

Layers of epidermis deep to superficial

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Function of melanocytes

Produce melanin

Function of keratinocytes

Produce keratin

Function of tactile cells

Touch receptors

Neuron function

Conduct electrical impulses

Neuroglia function

Support and protect neurons

Can neurons reproduce?

No

Can neuroglia undergo mitosis?

Yes

Cell body/soma function

Contains nucleus and organelles

Dendrites function

Receive information

Axon function

Sends action potentials

Axon hillock

Region where action potentials begin

Synaptic knobs function

Release neurotransmitter

Myelin sheath function

Speeds impulse conduction

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in myelin sheath

Saltatory conduction

Action potential jumps node to node

Neuron that carries impulses toward CNS

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Neuron that carries impulses away from CNS

Motor (efferent) neuron

Interneuron function

Connects sensory and motor neurons

Ganglion

Collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Nucleus

Collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

Oligodendrocyte function

Forms myelin in CNS

Schwann cell function

Forms myelin in PNS

Astrocyte function

Forms blood-brain barrier and supports neurons

Microglia function

Phagocytosis in nervous tissue

Ependymal cells function

Produce and circulate CSF

Satellite cells function

Support neuron cell bodies in PNS

Normal resting membrane potential of neuron

-70 mV

Threshold potential

Approximately -55 mV

Depolarization

Membrane becomes less negative

What ion enters during depolarization?

Sodium

Repolarization

Membrane returns toward resting potential

What ion leaves during repolarization?

Potassium

Hyperpolarization

Membrane becomes more negative than resting

Absolute refractory period

No new action potential possible

Relative refractory period

Stronger stimulus required for AP

All-or-none law

Action potential either fully occurs or does not occur

What triggers neurotransmitter release?

Calcium entering synaptic knob

EPSP

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

IPSP

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Temporal summation

Rapid repeated stimulation by one neuron

Spatial summation

Multiple neurons stimulate simultaneously

Acetylcholine (ACh) function

Stimulates skeletal muscle

Dopamine function

Movement and mood regulation

Serotonin function

Mood regulation

GABA function

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate function

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

Substance P function

Pain transmission

Endorphins function

Reduce pain

Epimysium surrounds

Entire muscle

Perimysium surrounds

Fascicle

Endomysium surrounds

Individual muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

Muscle cell membrane

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

Function of T tubules

Carry action potentials into muscle fiber

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores calcium

Triad

One T tubule and two terminal cisterns

Sarcomere

Functional unit of muscle

Z disc

Boundary of sarcomere

Actin

Thin filament

Myosin

Thick filament

A band

Dark band containing thick filaments

I band

Light band containing thin filaments

H zone

Thick filaments only

M line

Center of sarcomere

Troponin function

Binds calcium

Tropomyosin function

Covers myosin binding sites

Neuromuscular junction

Connection between motor neuron and muscle

Neurotransmitter at NMJ

Acetylcholine