Chapter 4: Psychological & Human Needs & Development

physiological needs needs

needs that relates to the processes and activities that keep things alive

psychological needs

needs that involve social interaction, emotions, intellect, and spirituality

holistic care

involves caring for the whole person; physical, psychological, and spiritual needs (body, mind, spirit)

person-centered care

care that emphasizes the individuality of the person who needs care and revolvers around that person's preferences, choices, and dignity

physiological needs

oxygen, water, food, waste elimination, and rest

safety and security needs

shelter, clothing, protection from harm, and stability

need for love

feeling loved and accepted belonging

need for self-esteem

achievement, belief in one's own worth and value

need for self-actualization

the need to learn, create, and realize one's own potential

basic physiological needs

food and water, protection and shelter, activity; sleep and rewst; comfort/freedom from pain

basic psychosocial needs

love and affection; acceptance by others; safety and security; self reliance and independence in daily living; contact with other people, success and self esteem

consequences of unmet needs

frustration, stress, fear, anxiety, anger, agression, withdrawal, indifference, and depression

premature

babies born before 37 weaks gestation; more than three weeks before due date

sudden infant death syndrom (SIDS)

condition when babies stop breathing and die for no known reason while asleep

chickenpox

a highly contagious, viral illness that was once very common among children; the varicellazoster vaccine has greatly reduced the number of cases of this illness

lukemia

cancer where the body's white blood cells are unable to fight disease

puberty

stage when a young person develops secondary sex characteristics

anorexia

eating disorder where a person does not eat/exercises to lose weight

bulimia

eating disorder where a person eats excessively and eliminates the food via vomiting, using laxatives, or exercising excessively

menopause

the end of menstration

infancy (birth-12 months)

growth and development happen quickly; devlopment is from head down

common disorders of infancy

peamturity, low birth weights, birth defects, viral and bacterial infections, SIDS

toddlerhood (1-3 years)

formerly dependent, now gaining independence and body control; learn to speak; gain coordination of bladder; may have tantrums or whine to get their way

preschool age (3-5 years)

more social relationships; play cooperatively and learn language; learn right from wrong

school age (5-10 years)

cognitive development is key; learning to get along with others in peer group; developing a conscience and self-esteem

common disorders of school age years

chicken pox, viral and bacterial infections, leukemia

preadolescence (10-12 years)

growing sense of self-identity; strongly identifying with peers

adolescence (12-18 years)

male and female become sexually mature; boys reach puberty; girls who did not reach puberty in the previous stage reach it; secondary sex characteristics appear; concern for body and peer acceptance; changing needs

common disorders of adolescence

eating disorders; STIs, pregnancy, depression, trauma bc of accidents/sport injuries

young adulthood (18-40 years)

selecting and education; selecting a cereer; selecting and living with mate; raising children; developing a satisfying sex life

middle adulthood (40-65 years)

more comfortable/stable; "midlife criss"; physical changes related to aging occur; menopause (women)

late adulthood (65 or older)

many physical and psychosocial changes; may experience loss of physical health; may experience loss of friends and jobs

common disorders of late adulthood

arthritis, alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke

common childhood diseases that are vaccine preventable

measles, mumps, rubella, diptheria, smallpox, whooping cough, and polio

developmental disability

disability that is present at birth or emerges during childhood and restricts physical and/or mental ability

intellectual disability

most common developmental disability; people develop at below average rate and have below average mental functioning

down syndrome

develop mental disability; two copies of chromosome 21; different degrees of disability and symptoms

symptoms of down syndrome

small skull, flattened nose, short fingers, wide space between first two fingers and toes

cerebral palsy

developmental disability; caused by brain damage while in the uterus or during birth; physical and mental disabilities

symptoms of cerebral palsy

lack of control of the head; have poor balance and posutre; have trouble using arms/legs; can be stiff or limp; may have impaired speech

spina bifida

developmental disability; aprt of the backbone is not well developed at birth; split spine

symptoms of spina bifida

spinal chord may bulge out of back

autism spectrum disorder

developmental disability; causes differences in a person's social interactions and communication

symptoms of ASD

withdrawn; difficult with using/unable to use words; not making eye contact; intense tantrums; repetitive body movements; aggression; short attention span; difficulty reading and expressing emotions

mental health

normal functioning of emotional and intellectual capabilities

7 characteristics of the mentally healthy

1. gets along with others

2. adeapts to change

3. cares for self and others

4. gives and accepts love

5. deals with situations that cause anxiety, disappointment, and frustration

6. takes responsibility decisions, feelings, and actions

7. talks responsibility and fulfills desires and impuses appropriately

stress

state of being frightened, excited, confused, in danger, or irritated

stressor

something that causes stress

points about stress

1. stress is both an emotional and physical response that can cause physical symptoms

2. stress can worsen physical and mental illnesses/disorders

defense mechanism

an unconscious behavior used to release tension or cope with stress

denial

defense mechanism; completely rejecting the thought/feeling

projection

defense mechanism; seeing feelings in others that are really their own

displacement

defense mechanism; transferring a strong negative feeling to a safer situation

rationalization

defense mechanism; making excuses to justify a situation

repression

defense mechanism; blacking unacceptable thoughts or painful feelings from the conscious mind

regression

going back to an old, usually immature behavior

substance abuse

repeated use of legal/illegal substances in a way that is harmful to oneself or others

chemical dependency

a diseases related to substance abuse in which a person experience negative physical, mental, and emotional effects related to drug use, but continues to use the drug, often in increasing amounts

signs of substance abuse

changes in physical appearance; changes in personality; irritability; smell of alcohol, cigarettes, or other substances; unexplained changes in vital signs; patient reports of: diminished sense of smell, loss of appetite, inability to function normally, confusion/forgetfulness, blackouts or memory loss, frequent accidents, problems with friends and family

drug use associated physical appearance changes

red eyes; dialated pupils; weight loss

drug use associated personality changes

moodiness, strange behavior, disruption of routine, lying

conditions that may influence mental health disorders

1. physical factors

2. environmental factors

3. hereditary or family influence

4. stress, including poor coping abilities

physical factors that may influence mental health disorders

brain, illness, disability, aging, substance abuse, chemical imbalance, and traumatic brain injury

environmental factors that may influence mental health disorders

weak family relationships and traumatic childhood experiences

anxiety

unease, worry, fear, often about a situation or condition

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

anxiety disorder; chronic anxiety and worry, even when there's no reason

panic disorder

anxiety disorder; disorder characterized by a person having regular panic attacks or living with chronic anxiety about having another attack

social anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder; excessive anxiety about social situations

phobia

intense, irrational fear about an object, place, or situation

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized with recurring intrusive behavior or thoughts that cause anxiety or stress

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

disorder caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event or series of events

major depressive disorder (dispression or clinical depression)

depressive disorder; causes pain, fatigue, apathy, sadness, irritability, anxiety, sleeplessness, and loss of appetite

post partium depression

depression experienced after birth of a child

bipolar disorder

mental health disorder; disorder that causes a person to swing from periods of deep depression (depressive episodes) to periods of extreme activity (manic episodes)

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder; causes problems with thinking, communicating, and the ability to manage emotions, make decisions, and understand reality

hallucination

false or distorted sensory perception

delusion

persistent false belief

chronic

in relation to an illness, long term or long lasting, requiring ongoing management of symptoms

challenges of a new diagnosis

increased worry and stress; physical changes; uncomfortable/painful symptoms; dietary changes; routine changes; more medical appointments; schedule disruptions; sense of uncertainty; financial burdens

common behavior changes to a new diagnosis

difficulty sleeping; mood changes; burnout; symptoms of ongoing stress

symptoms of ongoing stress

headache; digestive problems; high blood pressure

productive behaviors with chronic illnesses

eat nutricious meals and exercise as appropriate for condition; build positive coping mechanisms; seek professional mental health support; maintain personal connections; ask for/accept help when offered; engage in work or other obligations as health allows; limit commitments as needed to promote rest and health

terminal illness

disease or condition that will eventually cause death

hospice care

holistic, compassionate care given to people who have about 6 months left to live

grief

deep distress or sorrow over a less

reactions to death

shock, denial, anger, guilt, regret, relief, and loneliness

signs of approaching death

blurred and failing vision; unfocused eyes; impaired speech; diminished sense of touch; loss of movement, muscle tone, and feeling; rising or below normal body temperature; decreasing blood pressure; weak pulse; Cheyne-Strokes respirationsl rattling or gurgling sounds as the person breathes; cold, pale skin; mottling, spotting, or botching skin caused by poor circulation; perspiration; incontinence; disorientation or confusion

mottling

bruised appearance

Cheyne-Stroke repirations

slow, irregulor respirations alternating with fast, shallow respirations, and periods of not breathing

urine and stool inconinence

involuntary leakage of urine and/or stool