Chemistry SAAT Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 150 practice flashcards covering all major chemistry topics from the lecture, including ozone, atomic theory, stoichiometry, organic chemistry, and gas laws.

What is the chemical formula for ozone and where is it found in the atmosphere?

The formula is $O_3$ and it is found in the stratosphere.

How many ozone molecules are produced from $18$ oxygen atoms?

$6$ molecules (since each molecule requires $3$ atoms).

What is the main cause of the ozone hole thinning over Antarctica?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from refrigerators and refrigeration systems.

Who studied the ozone layer and discovered the normal amount in the atmosphere is about $300$ Dobson Units (DU)?

Gordon Dobson.

In scientific research, how is the study of CFCs and ozone interaction without physical evidence classified?

Theoretical research.

Which of the following is not classified as matter: Water, Air, Heat, or Soil?

Heat.

Which physical quantity is a measure of the amount of matter only, without the effect of Earth’s gravity?

Mass.

What describes the particles in a matter’s solid state?

Its particles are tightly packed.

Which state of matter has no definite shape or volume and expands to fill its container?

Gas.

Is the formation of rust a physical or chemical property?

Chemical property.

Which two factors control the change of state of matter from one physical state to another?

Pressure and temperature.

What is the temperature called at which the vapor pressure equals the outside atmospheric pressure?

Boiling point.

What process is represented by the transition $I_{2(s)} \rightarrow I_{2(g)}$?

Sublimation.

Define an endothermic process.

A process that absorbs heat from the surroundings.

Which substance increases in volume (expands) when it changes from a liquid to a solid?

$$H_2O$$

Freezing is an example of which type of heat-transfer process?

Exothermic process (heat is released to the surroundings).

What process is the opposite of deposition?

Sublimation.

Why is rust (iron oxide) classified as a compound rather than an element?

It is composed of different elements chemically combined.

What law is represented by the mass ratio of sodium to chlorine in table salt?

Law of definite proportions.

The mass ratio of oxygen in $H_2O_2$ to the mass of oxygen in $H_2O$ illustrates which law?

Law of multiple proportions.

If $20g$ of substance A reacts with substance y to produce $30g$ of substance Ay, what is the mass of y?

$$10g$$

How many periods and groups are in the modern periodic table?

$7$ periods and $18$ groups.

What is the specific name for elements in the first group of the periodic table?

Alkali metals.

Which group 1 element is not a metal?

Hydrogen.

What name is given to elements in groups $3$ through $12$?

Transition metals.

Which family of elements is the most stable and least chemically active?

Noble gases (Group $18$).

A reaction that produces one single substance from multiple reactants is called what?

Synthesis Reactions (combination).

Represent the combustion reaction of methane.

$$CH_4 + 2O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2H_2O$$

What is the chemical formula resulting from the synthesis reaction $Mg + N_2 \rightarrow$?

$$Mg_3N_2$$

What was Aristotle's belief regarding the vacuum?

He believed that there is no vacuum (nature abhors a vacuum).

Which scientist discovered the electron and proposed the Plum pudding model?

J. J. Thomson.

What defines the atomic number of a neutral atom?

Atomic number = Number of protons = Number of electrons.

How is the mass number of an atom calculated?

Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons.

What is the number of neutrons in $^{132}_{55}Cs$?

$77$ neutrons ($132 - 55$).

What is the maximum number of electrons a $d$ orbital can hold?

$10$ electrons.

How many electrons can the third energy level hold?

$18$ electrons.

What is the electron configuration of neon ($Ne$) with atomic number $10$?

$$1s^2 2s^2 2p^6$$

What is the last subshell in the electron configuration of Nickel ($Ni$) with atomic number $28$?

$$3d^8$$

Identify the element with configuration $[He]2s^2 2p^3$.

Nitrogen ($7N$).

What is the noble gas configuration of Calcium ($20Ca$)?

$$[Ar]4s^2$$

What is the unique electron configuration for Chromium ($24Cr$)?

$$[Ar]4s^1 3d^5$$

To which block does an inner transition element belong?

F-block.

The p-block extends from which group to which group in the periodic table?

Group $13$ to Group $18$.

What does the electron configuration $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6$ represent?

A Noble Gas (specifically Argon).

In which period and group is the element Phosphorus ($15P$) located?

Period $3$, Group $15$.

What is the electron configuration of the Magnesium ion $12Mg^{2+}$?

$[Ne]$ or $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6$

What happens to the atomic radius as you move down a group in the periodic table?

The atomic radius increases.

Define Ionization Energy.

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state.

Which element has the highest electronegativity?

Fluorine ($F$).

Why do noble gases have no electronegativity value?

They are stable and do not form bonds under normal conditions.

How many sub-orbitals are in an $f$ orbital?

$7$ sub-orbitals.

According to Hund's rule, how many unpaired electrons are in a nitrogen ($7N$) atom?

$3$ unpaired electrons.

Which principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy?

Aufbau principle.

Between $4s$ and $3d$, which orbital has lower energy?

$$4s$$

How many valence electrons does Oxygen ($8O$) have?

$6$ valence electrons.

Why do some elements become positively charged cations?

They lose electrons.

What is the chloride ion ($Cl^-$) isoelectronic with?

Argon ($Ar$).

Define an ionic bond.

An electrostatic force that attracts opposite charges.

What is the chemical formula for Aluminum chloride?

$$AlCl_3$$

What is the name of the compound with the formula $(NH_4)_3PO_4$?

Ammonium phosphate.

Define the term 'Crystal lattice'.

A three-dimensional pattern of atoms or groups of atoms in ionic compounds.

What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?

Covalent bond.

What is the name of the compound $SF_6$?

Sulfur hexafluoride.

Which molecule contains a triple bond?

Nitrogen ($N_2$).

How many sigma ($\sigma$) and pi ($\pi$) bonds are in Ethyne ($C_2H_2$)?

$3$ sigma bonds and $2$ pi bonds.

If the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero, the bond is called what?

Nonpolar covalent.

Which molecule is an example of a polar covalent bond: $F-F$, $K-F$, or $H-F$?

$$H-F$$

Why do oils not dissolve in water?

Oils are nonpolar and water is polar.

Name the three types of intermolecular forces mentioned in the notes.

London Dispersion Forces, Dipole-dipole forces, and Hydrogen bonds.

Which intermolecular force is generally the weakest?

London dispersion forces.

Identify the strongest type of intermolecular force.

Hydrogen bonds.

Why is water liquid at room temperature despite its small molecular size?

Because it contains hydrogen bonds.

What model describes metallic bonding?

The sea of electrons model.

What is the triple point in a phase diagram?

The temperature and pressure at which water exists in all three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

What is the hybridization and bond angle of methane ($CH_4$)?

$sp^3$ hybridization and $109.5^{\circ}$.

A molecule of $CO_2$ has which type of hybridization?

$sp$ hybridization.

What is the geometric shape of a water molecule?

Bent.

According to literal observation, what color does acid turn blue litmus paper?

Red.

What property do acids and bases have in common?

Electrical conductivity.

Does an acidic solution contain more hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions?

More hydrogen ions ($H^+$).

Define a base according to Arrhenius theory.

A substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in solution.

In Brønsted-Lowry theory, what is a conjugate acid?

The compound formed when a base gains (accepts) a hydrogen ion.

What is an amphoteric substance?

A substance that can act as both an acid and a base (e.g., water).

What is the conjugate base of $H_2SO_4$?

$$HSO_4^-$$

Define a Lewis acid.

A substance that accepts a pair of electrons.

What is the hydronium ion?

A hydrogen ion bonded to a water molecule ($H_3O^+$).

Give the water ionization constant ($K_w$) value at $25^{\circ}C$.

$$1 \times 10^{-14}$$

Calculate $[OH^-]$ if $[H^+] = 1 \times 10^{-3} M$.

$$1 \times 10^{-11} M$$

If a solution’s pH is $2$, is the solution acidic or basic?

Acidic.

What is the pH of distilled water?

$$7$$

What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

$$pH + pOH = 14$$

Calculate the pOH of a solution with a pH of $5$.

$$9$$

What name is given to rainwater with a pH lower than $5.6$?

Acid rain.

Define Titration.

A reaction between an acid and a base used to determine the concentration of one using the other.

What is the main buffer system in human blood?

Bicarbonate buffer ($HCO_3^- / H_2CO_3$).

What happens to the reducing agent in a redox reaction?

It loses electrons and gets oxidized.

What is the oxidation number of oxygen in $H_2O_2$?

$$-1$$

Determine the oxidation number of Sulfur in $H_2SO_4$.

$$+6$$

What are the two main types of electrochemical cells?

Galvanic (Voltaic) cells and Electrolytic cells.

In a Galvanic cell, at which electrode does oxidation occur?

The Anode ($-$).