chapter 7 Feedback, Reinforcement, and Intrinsic Motivation in Sport and Exercise

This set of flashcards focuses on key concepts related to feedback, reinforcement, and intrinsic motivation in sports and exercise.

Four Types of Reinforcement

1. Positive Reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase desired behavior. 2. Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase desired behavior. 3. Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behavior. 4. Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behavior.

Making Positive Reinforcement Effective

To make positive reinforcement effective, use evidence-based guidelines such as: 1. Be immediate - provide reinforcement right after the desired behavior. 2. Be consistent - reinforce the behavior every time until it is established. 3. Use appropriate size - ensure the reward is meaningful and proportionate to the behavior.

Behavior Modification Program

A systematic approach to changing behavior by using reinforcement strategies, often incorporating both positive and negative reinforcement.

Self-Determination Theory (Motivation Continuum)

A theory proposing that people are motivated by a range of factors, from intrinsic motivation (driven by internal desires) to extrinsic motivation (driven by external rewards), focusing on the fulfillment of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competency.

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation can diminish intrinsic motivation if external rewards are perceived as controlling. In a supportive environment with autonomy, extrinsic rewards can enhance intrinsic motivation, as shown in studies by Amorose & Horn.

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

A theory suggesting that external rewards can influence intrinsic motivation based on the individual's perception of the reward (e.g., whether it is seen as controlling or supportive).

Flow State

A psychological state where an individual is fully engaged in an activity, characterized by 1. Clear goals 2. Immediate feedback 3. Balance between challenge and skills 4. Concentration on the task.

Dimensions of Flow

Flow exists at the intersection of two dimensions: Challenge (the difficulty of the task) and Skill (the ability of the person performing the task). When both are high, flow is most likely achieved.

Key Elements of Flow

1. Intense focus on the present moment. 2. A sense of personal control or Agency. 3. Loss of self-consciousness. 4. Distorted sense of time.