Kines Textbook Review Questions

The sternum is ___ to the spine

Anterior

The heel is on the ___ portion of the foot

Posterior

The thigh is ___ to the pelvis and ___ to the leg

Distal and proximal

The shoulder girdle is ___ to the pelvis and ___ to the head

Superior and inferior

Sitting in a chair with the feet supported while playing catch: the upper extremities are in an?

Open kinetic chain

Sitting in a chair with the feet supported while playing catch: the lower extremities are in an?

Closed kinetic chain

Osteokinematic movements occur within a plane and about an axis, and are described based on the

Anatomical position

T or F: With few exceptions, osteokinematic movements, such as flexion, occur within the same plane about the same axis at all joints

True

Which osteokinematic movements occur within the sagittal plane?

Flexion/extension

Which osteokinematic movements occur within the frontal plane?

Abduction/adduction

Which osteokinematic movements occur within the horizontal plane?

Rotation

When rising from a sitting position, the hip and knees are in a ___?

Closed kinetic chain

Carrying a heavy object across one’s shoulders creates what force through the lower extremities?

Compression

Which of the following combinations of forces are imposed when carrying a heavy object in the right hand?

Right arm traction and right-sided trunk compression

To push a large heavy box across the floor, an individual should stand?

Parallel to the desired line of motion

Seatbelts in cars are designed to prevent injuries related to which of Newton’s laws?

Law of inertia

Why does carrying a load on one’s shoulders affect stability?

COM is higher

Standing on the right lower extremity, flex the left knee so the heel moves closer to the buttox. This creates which class of lever at the left knee?

Third

Standing on the right lower extremity, extend the left knee from the position with the heel near the buttox. This creates which class of level at the left knee?

Second

An individual is using a hand truck to move heavy boxes down a flight of stairs. The individual stand on a step above the hand truck, rolling it over the edge of the step and lowering it to the next lower step. Which class lever is being used?

First

Describe the type of bone typically located in the axial skeleton

Irregular and flat bones

Describe the type of bone typically located in the appendicular skeleton

Long, short, sesamoid bones

Why is compact bone heavier than cancellous bone?

Compact more dense and cancellous has trabecule

Which type of bone is responsible for an individual’s growth in height?

Long

In which part of the bone does growth occur?

Between the epiphysis and the metaphysis

What are bones when considering the skeleton as a simple machine?

Levers

What are joints when considering the skeleton as a simple machine?

Axes

What is the function of the periosteum?

Provides nourishment and promotes circumferential growth

Describe trabecule and their function

Reinforcement of bones along stress lines and reduces weight of cancellous bone

Describe the location and function of the medullary canal?

Center of long bone, provides site for bone marrow, contains nutrient arteries, lining contains osteoclasts

Osteoblasts function?

Bone formation

Osteoclasts function?

Remove bone

Identify the tissues that line the joint capsule and describe its function

Synovial membrane and secretes synovial fluid (provides nutrition and reduces friction)

What is the shape of joint surfaces of an ovoid joint?

One is convex and the other is concave

What is an advantage of the close-packed position?

Provides stability

What is a disadvantage of the close-packed position?

Increased pressure on tissues

Which arthrokinematic movement occurs during knee extension in an open kinetic chain?

Roll and glide of tibia on the femur anteriorly

Where is gray matter located?

Cerebellum and brain cortex

Why is some tissue white?

Myelin is white

List the 3 types of protection for the brain and spinal cord.

Bone, meninges, CSF

What is the location of the sensory neuron that first processes sensory information from the sensory receptors in the periphery?

Dorsal root ganglion

What is the difference in location of the cervical nerves compared with the remaining nerves as they exit the intervertebral foramen?

Cervical nerves 1-7 exit above corresponding vertebrae, while all remaing exit below

Function of a dendrite?

Bring info to a neuron cell bodies

Function of an axon?

Transport info away from cell body

Origin

Proximal attachment of a muscle

Insertion

Distal attachment of a muscle

Which characteristic of the muscle accounts for the ability of muscle to resume its resting length after being lengthened?

Elasticity

What is the role of actin and myosin during a muscle contraction?

Form cross-bridges that pull myosin closer together

Which muscle fiber type is predominant in endurance muscles?

Type 1

During which type of muscle contraction is a muscle: the force?

Concentric

During which type of muscle contraction is a muscle: the resistance?

Eccentric

Which type of muscle fiber arrangement is advantageous for a muscle that typically performs activities requiring strength?

Pennate

Zygomatic arch consists of which two bones?

Zygomatic and temporal

TMJ consists of which two bones?

Temporal and mandibular

Which muscle presents as the fullness of the posterior portion of the cheek?

Masseter

Which muscles, acting together, produce lateral deviation of the mandible?

Medial and lateral pterygoid

Which muscles stabilize the hyoid bone?

Sternohyoid and omohyoid

Another term for “Adam’s apple” is

Thyroid cartilage

What pelvic girdle movements occur within a frontal plane about a sagittal axis?

Anterior and posterior tilt

What pelvic girdle movements occur within a horizontal plane about a vertical axis?

Lateral pelvic tilt and pelvic elevation

What pelvic girdle movements occur within a sagittal plane about a frontal axis?

Pelvic rotation

What is the effect on the lumbar spine when the pelvis tilts anteriorly?

Extension

What is the effect on the lumbar spine when the pelvis tilts posteriorly?

Flexion

When an individual maintains a persistent anterior pelvic tilt posture, which muscle groups become adaptively shortened?

Lumbar extensors and hip flexors

Medial and lateral expansion of the thoracic cage can be compared to the action of which handle?

Bucket handle

Anterior and posterior expansion of the thoracic cage can be compared to the action of which handle?

Pump handle

Which bony landmark is used to determine the direction of scapular rotation?

Inferior angle of scapula

Which scapular movement is needed to allow for any overhead reaching at the shoulder joint?

Upward rotation

Scapulohumeral rhythm

After first 30 degrees, 2 degrees of shoulder abduction for every 1 degree of shoulder girdle rotates upward

Which muscles are attached to the anterior surface of the scapula?

Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor

Which muscles produce scapular upward rotation?

Serratus anterior and upper and lower trapezius

Which muscles produce scapular downward rotation?

Levator scapula, rhomboids, pectoralis minor

What is a force couple?

2 muscles generate force pulling in different directions on opposite sides of a joint’s axis of motion, producing rotation

Which arthrokinematic movements occur at the shoulder joint during flexion?

Spin

Which arthrokinematic movements occur at the shoulder joint during abduction?

Roll upward and glide downward

Which arthrokinematic movements occur at the shoulder joint during medial rotation?

Roll anteriorly and glide posteriorly

Which of the following is a hinge joint?

Humeroulnar

Which arthrokinematic movement occurs at the humeroradial joint during supination and pronation?

Spin

Which elbow muscle connects to the scapula to the ulna?

Triceps brachii

Which elbow muscle connects to the scapula to the radius?

Biceps brachii

Which combination of movements of the upper extremity place the biceps brachii in a position of active insufficiency?

Shoulder flexion, elbow, flexion, forearm supination

Which combination of movements of the upper extremity place the biceps brachii in a position of passive insufficiency?

Shoulder extension, elbow extension, forearm pronation

During supination and pronation, which forearm bone is stable and which is mobile?

Ulna is stable and radius is mobile