paper 1 (civil rights & apartheid)

what was the KKK?

a secret, post-civil war, organization that quickly became a violent hate group. famous for their lynching of blacks.

what did disenfranchisement include?

stuffing ballots, poll taxes, literacy tests, and the grandfather clause (where if your grandfather was a slave you were unable to vote), which prevented blacks from voting

civil rights act of 1866

former slaves were allowed to become citizens and gain equal rights (employment). it attempted to provide equality of economic opportunity

enforcement acts of 1870 & 1871

used by federal officials to stop the KKK activity which led to the klan fading in the late 1870s until the 1920s

jim crow laws

segregated all public facilities

little rock 9

first kids to desegregate schools who faced extreme opposition, leading to need for escorts for the kids

montgomery bus boycott

a successful boycott by Jo Anne Robinson, Ed Nixon, Ralph David Abernathy, and MLK Jr. that led to no blacks boarding the ‘black bus’

freedom rides of 1961

a group of CORE members traveled segregated across state lines, leading to the desegregation of interstate travel

national association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

under the leadership of Walter White, it fought against lynching and lobbied for civil rights legislation

southern christian leadership conference (SCLC)

famous for their non-violent tactics and role in the March on Washington

student non-violent coordinating committee (SNCC)

took over the Freedom Riders and worked to start the Freedom Summer; used grassroots organizing

nation of islam (NOI)

prepared and educated black for the fighting of taking back the earth and making it peaceful

what organization did the Council of Federal Organizations (COFO) include?

NAACP, SNCC, and SCLC

freedom summer

the COFO flooded Mississippi with volunteers to change the status quo of having little to none black voters

civil rights act of 1964

prhobitied discrimination in public facilities and federally funded programs. also strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and desegregation of schools.

voting rights act of 1965

removed all race-based restrictions on voting

what was apartheid?

an idea in South Africa that argues their must be a racial hierarchy due to the different physical characteristics each race has. in this hierarchy, whites were at the top and blacks were at the bottom.

pass laws act of 1952

required black africans to carry documents at all times that permitted authorities to enforce segregation more strictly

group areas act of 1950

created white-only city center where non-white could not live

defiance campaign (apartheid)

the first organization against the apartheid system by the ANC. it wanted to pressure the government into repealing apartheid legislationf

failures of the defiance campaign

more than 8,000 volunteers were arrested and the peaceful protesting turned into violence

successes of the defiance campaign (aparthied)

demonstrated how ready South Africans were to end the struggle and allowed the ANC to gain global respect

congress of the people (COP)

wanted to unite all of South Africa’s racial groups and draft a Freedom Charter

alexandra bus boycott (1957)

coordinated by the APTAC which caused the government to view it as a threat, leading to sympathy from whites

sharpeville massacre (March 21, 1960)

an attempt of peacefully protesting the reference books laws, however police reacted with violence, leaving 69 dead and hundreds wounded. also caused the government to officially ban the ANC and PAC in April, 1960.

rivonia trial

took place after the anti-apartheid activists were arrested in Rivonia. marked the end of the struggle against apartheid since the ANC was broken down and all leaders were imprisoned or exiled, creating fear amongst those left.

Nelson Mandela

joined the ANC and was considered the most important member of the party for organizing the nationwide civil disobedience campaign. also led the Youth League

Albert Luthuli

president general of the ANC and was committed to peaceful protesting