final adol

what is the age range for aol

10-20; 10-13, 14-17, 18-21

why is it hard to define adol

different definitions, boundaries, & cultural differences

when is defining adol clear

when transitions are close in time and the majority of people experience changes at the same time

continuous adol def

gradual gain in responsibilities; chores to cleaning job

discontinuous adol def

not smooth, forces responsibilities quickly; No job then 1st job that uses your degree

physical manifestations of sexual reproduction (def)

The period where an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction

types of physical manifestations of sexual reproduction (4)

Rapid acceleration of growth (weight, height); Development of primary sex characteristics (glands, hormones); Development of secondary sex characteristics (genitals, breasts, hair); Changes in brain anatomy and activity

why do some adol start puberty earlier (4)

Influenced by genetics (age range), environment, better nutrition causes early, family conflicts

early puberty in men (pos + neg)

pos psych outcome, downsides: depression, anxiety, behavioral issues later in life, risky behavior and substance abuse

late puberty in men (pos + neg)

more susceptible to depression; pos outcomes later in life = better communication, coping skills and social initiative

early puberty in female

same as male + more sexual experience (could not be ready for it); neg = poor self image, anxiety, EDs, emotional distress

why do adol risk take more than adults (7)

They have different priorities: focusing on peers, more susceptible to peer pressure, adults have more life experience, individual differences, brain connectivity differences, and testosterone levels

why is it difficult to address risk-taking in adol? Different approaches?

Hard and usually not successful; should focus more on rewards than punishments

main cog changes in adol (5)

Thinking about what is possible, abstract thinking, metacognition, multidimensional thinking, relative rather than absolute

main physical cog change in brain (4)

Getting remodeled (prefrontal pruning & myelination), more physical connections (functional connectivity), patterns of activation are more focused, limbic system created better performance on harder tasks

age of opportunity

Certain parts of the brain have plasticity in adolescence, the brain can be affected potentially permanently by every experience

myths of family dynamics

extreme difficulty parenting (mood swings); more about pushing boundaries

4 parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, indifferent, indulgent

4 parenting styles: authoritative

high expectations but open to negotiation, monitoring, encourages autonomy; best because raise a child who is self-reliant with strong sense of achievement

4 parenting styles: authoritarian

rigid, strict rules, high expectations, less warmth, obedience

4 parenting styles: indifferent

passive, dismissive, little communication, detached, absent

4 parenting styles: indulgent

child-centered, no rules, avoids confrontation, nurturing, blurred roles

characteristics of sensitive attunement (3)

Positive engagement, monitoring/supervising behavior and open communication

outcomes with family structure: divorce

small, related to process of divorce, marital conflict, disrupted parenting, consistency helps

outcomes with family structure: stepfamilies

more challenges, double conflicts, conflicting parenting styles

outcomes with family structure: single parents

neg on emotional well-being, cognitive development, behavior and school performance

teacher-student relationships and student engagement related to outcomes (5)

achievement, higher education, psychological, behavioral and achievement benefits, opportunities for critical thinking and challenges, less stress, cheating, stress-related disorders and psychosomatic disorders

popularity connection to relational aggression

Attracts popularity, if not terrible boosts status, related to peer perceptions

why is bullying hard to address

Small effects in elementary school and no effect after 7th grade

what helps the prevention of bullying (4)

Parental monitoring of internet behavior, sensitive attunement, parental supervision and self-disclosure

how is perceived popularity and aggression connected

Initial status and how relational aggression was used

benefits to working in adol

Self-reported feeling like an adult, high satisfaction

drawbacks to working in adol

Fewer challenges is a depressive outcome, evidence against what they report, long hours negatively affect school and behavior

benefits to extracurricular activities (5)

Improves school performance, increases college enrollment, reduces dropping out, deters drug use and delinquency, protection from violence

drawbacks to to extracurricular activities (3)

Pressures affect mental health, boys have an increased chance of being in fights, more injuries

average time on screens

9 hrs

pos outcome to social media use (3)

Feeling better about themselves, feel closer to another person, frequent communication brings friends closer

neg outcome to social media use (4)

Spend time obsessing, compulsive messaging leads to anxiety and depression, supports those who are socially successful, poorer mental health

autonomy

acting independent, feeling independent, and thinking for oneself

independence

ability to act individually

different parenting styles effect on emotional autonomy

Expression of affection, distribution of power, and interactions

outcomes to strong racial/ethic identity (5)

Higher self-esteem, self-efficacy, achievement, better mental health, better buffer from discrimination, stereotypes, and stress

self-esteem changes overtime

More stable as they age, fluctuates day to day less

gender identity in adol today

Gender identity, sexual orientation, and gender role are different and are valued differently today

intimacy

Emotional attachment between people

sex differences in intimacy (girls)

More self-disclosure in frequency and benefits for girls, affects mental health more in girls if negative

outcomes of secure attachments in adol

physiologically healthier and socially skilled

outcomes w/ early dating

Pressure to engage in sexual activity before willing or ready, “pseudo-maturity”

outcomes to parents’ conversations w/ sex (7)

Doesnt prevent or increase early sex, reduces risky sex, the more frequent conversations = more condom use, fewer sex partners, lower risk of STIs, more discussions w/ future partners

barriers for parents + sex talk (3)

parental conflict, perception of child, limited knowledge

barriers for parents: parental conflict

limit to safe topics, embarrassed

barriers for parents: perception of child

too young, missed opportunities

barriers for parents: limited knowledge

parents dont feel they know correct terms/ideas

sexual activity & psychological adjustment

Risky sex = sexual risk-taking, exposure to porn worsens this, depends on impact by culture and society-based views

abstinence sex ed (def)

Avoid sexual activity and no info on safe sex

abstinence sex ed (outcomes)

Teen pregnancies, births, STIs

comprehensive sex ed (def)

contraception, pregnancy, consent, boundaries, safe sex, enhance norms

comprehensive sex ed (outcomes)

Does not increase sexual activities, deters teen pregnancies

coping strategies

voluntary & involuntary

coping strats: voluntary (def)

conscious and geared toward regulating responses to stressors

coping strats: involuntary (def)

outside conscious awareness and control

voluntary coping kinds (2)

primary, secondary

voluntary coping: primary

aim to change situation

voluntary coping: secondary

aim to adapt to the problem

involuntary coping kinds (2)

engagement & disengagement

involuntary coping: engagement

rumination, physical reactions, less emotional regulation

involuntary coping: disengagement

no feelings, shutting down, cannot think at all

types of externalizing behaviors (2)

conduct disorder, oppositional disorder

extern behaviors: conduct disorder (def)

repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at work, school or relationships

extern behaviors: conduct disorder (criteria - 4)

Aggression to people or animals, destruction to property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules

extern behaviors: oppositional disorder (def)

excessively angry, spiteful, and stubborn; Earlier form of conduct disorder

life course offender

antisocial behavior before and during adolescence

adol limited offender

antisocial behavior only during adolescence

causes of depression/ internal disorders (3)

Biological predisposition, what people think of themselves (parents, peers), stress (troubled family, poor peer relationships/none, adversity)

influences on work: culture

intrinsic, extrinsic and interpersonal factors; US = mix of all 3 while (less interpersonal); colletiveist cultures = interpersonal and extrinsic

influences on work: generational

millennial (work-life balance, personal development and meaning, more intrinsic rewards) and gen Z (stability, financial, and path for growth, more extrinsic and transferable skills, work environments)

values changing overtime in adol

They become more focused on real achievement and reachable items than “having it all”

parents effect on school achievement

values, expectations, high standards, structure, active involvement help, Authoritative parenting, allowing failure to happen