MRS. OSBORN’S APWH CRAM PACKET: Period 6 – Accelerating Global Change and Realignments

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards covering global change, nationalism, decolonization, and economic shifts from early 1900 to the present based on the lecture notes.

McWorld

A term describing the 20th-century trend where United States culture spread globally, often interpreted through values of consumerism, greed, sex, and violence.

$$1914$$

The year World War I began, marking a major periodization break characterized by the start of global change and realignment through communication and transportation.

Targeting of Civilians

A distinct characteristic of World War II where non-military people were deliberately attacked to destroy industrial infrastructure and torment populations into surrender.

Blaise Diagne

A nationalist from Senegal who agitated for African participation in politics and fair treatment by the French army in the early 20th century.

African National Congress

An organization founded by western-educated natives in South Africa in $1909$ to defend the interests of Africans and later lead the struggle against apartheid.

Haile Selassie

The Emperor of Ethiopia who led Ethiopian troops into his capital city to reclaim his title after Italy took over the country prior to World War II.

Charles de Gaulle

A French strongman who became president after the government was restructured in response to the brutal war for independence in Algeria which began in $1954$.

Kwame Nkrumah

The leader who became the prime minister of Ghana in $1957$ and helped start a Pan-African movement focused on independence for individual colonies.

Apartheid

A social system in South Africa consisting of an attempt by European minorities to keep natives in subservient and very separate roles in society.

Nelson Mandela

The leader of the African National Congress who became the first native president of South Africa in $1994$ after a bloody struggle against apartheid.

Ahisma

A political and spiritual principle preached by Mohandas K. Gandhi meaning non-violence.

Satyagraha

A term used by Mohandas K. Gandhi to describe his political philosophy meaning the search for truth.

Walk to the Sea

Gandhi's most famous political gesture where he gathered salt as a symbol of Indian industry, an action forbidden by the British government.

Jawaharlal Nehru

The leader of the Indian National Congress and a key figure in the non-aligned movement who clashed with Muhammad Ali Jinnah over the partition of India.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The leader of the Muslim League who negotiated with the British to partition the Indian subcontinent into Hindu-dominated India and the new Muslim state of Pakistan.

Ho Chi Minh

The Communist leader of Vietnam who captured the French stronghold of Dienbienphu in $1954$ and eventually reunified the country under communist rule in $1975$.

Dienbienphu

A French colonial stronghold captured by Ho Chi Minh's supporters in $1954$, leading to the division of Vietnam into North and South.

Porfirio Diaz

A military general who ruled Mexico at the start of the 20th century, favoring elites and United States businessmen until he was challenged by the Revolution of $1910$.

PRI

The umbrella political party that tightly controlled Mexican politics following the stabilization of the country in the mid-$1930s$ until the $1990s$.

Getulio Vargas

An authoritarian leader who took over Brazil in $1930$ following the Great Depression and was later assisted by the U.S. to prevent him from joining the Axis.

Brazilian Solution

A political model characterized by dictatorship, violent repression, and government promotion of industrialization following a $1964$ military coup.

Sandinistas

Socialist revolutionaries who led a rebellion against the dictator of Nicaragua in $1979$ and were opposed by the Reagan-supported Contras.

Little Tigers

A group of newly industrialized countries in the Pacific Rim consisting of Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore.

Glass Ceiling

A term referring to the persistent barriers to professional advancement for women in the West that remained through the $1990s$ despite earlier social reforms.

Demographic Transition Theory

A theory describing changes in birthrates and death rates, and their impact on demographic and environmental shifts in the 20th century.

V.I. Lenin

A Marxist philosopher who believed a small cadre of committed intellectual elite (the vanguard) could force a Communist revolution in any country exploited by capitalists.

Socialism in One Country

Josef Stalin's ideological focus which prioritized Soviet Union communism and forced industrialization over worldwide revolution.

Ayatollah Khomeini

The religious leader who led the Iranian Revolution that overthrew the Shah and established traditional and religious social rules.