CST 115 - U.S. History - Part I - Early/Colonial/Revolution

NYSCT CST 115 Social Studies part 1

European Explorers - landings

1. Christopher Columbus

2. Ponce de Leon

3. Hernando de Soto

1. Columbus - Caribbean (Bahamas) & Central America

2. Ponce de Leon - Florida (St. Augustine)

3. Hernando de Soto - Southeastern U.S. (Florida, Alabama, Mississippi)

Columbian Exchange

food

disease

people

4 Reasons for exploration and colonization

1. Economic opportunities - trade routes & resources

2. Religious freedom - form new colonies

3. Geopolitical competition - empire dominance

4. Renaissance - new interest in cultures and their goods

The first successful colony in the U.S.

Jamestown (1607), VA

Significance of Jamestown

Played a huge role in the development of the 13 colonies

The colony of the Puritans

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

3 things the Mass. Bay Colony known for

1. A religious self-governing colony

2. education & civic participation

3. paved way for the growth of the U.S.A.

3 Consequences for Native Americans

1. Loss of land

2. Cultural clashes

3. Diseases

the Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in 1730s/40s

3 significances for the Great Awakening

1. Individual piety

2. Rise in denominations

3. Shared identity among colonists

Worked as a healer for 15 years to get to Mexico City and wrote about the native peoples way of life in La Relacion y comentarios

Cabeza de Vaca (1528)

The first European to discover the Mississippi River & map is the first known map of the Gulf of Mexico region

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda (1519)

Spanish explorer that was the first to spread the Christian faith. He fought the Zuni tribe in search of gold. Got no riches, but left several Catholic Priests behind.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

One of the first europeans to navigate the Ohio River. Explored the Illinois and Mississippi River. Met tribes in the Great Lakes. Coined the name of the region of Louisiana

French explorer - Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle

The reason the Puritans founded the Plymouth Company

They experienced religious persecution in England & wanted to worship as they saw fit

Mayflower Compact

a set of rules for how the colony would organize and work together

included a loyalty clause to King James

Only white men

The significance of the Mayflower Compact

It was the first document that gave colonists the right to self-governance.

The first representative legislative body in English N. America.

It worked with the crown of England originally.

Created the bicameral legislature adopted by the U.S. Constitution.

The Virginia House of Burgesses

It established the ideas of annual elections, the secret ballot, rotation in office, and the “liberty of speech” for elected representatives. Included a preamble and 11 orders.

The fundamental Orders of Connecticut

He founded the colony of Georgia (1732) as a place for debtors to start anew and as a buffer against Spanish Florida

James Oglethorpe

The significance of Oglethorpe

He worked to promote prison reform & religious tolerance

Labor shortages caused these to happen

1. Enslaved Native Americans - who died from Euro. diseases

2. Indentured servitude for passage to the colonies

3. African slave labor became common

A Puritan minister that founded Rhode Island.

He was famous for advocating for religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Roger WIlliams

The significance of Rhode Island

It was tolerant of religious diversity and its democratic government

A Puritan woman who expressed her belief that God spoke to individuals directly rather than through the clergy, which was considered heretical by the Puritan leadership.

Ann Hutchinson

The significance of Ann Hutchinson

Her trial helped fuel debates about religious freedom & individual rights in colonial America.

An English Quaker that founded Pennsylvania with land granted by King Charles II.

William Penn

The significance of the Pennsylvania Colony

They had religious tolerance, democratic principles, & fair treatment of the Native Americans

Lenape Tribe Treaty

Signed by William Penn to establish peaceful relations with the Native Americans

Economic Activities of this colony:

• Shipbuilding

• Livestock

• Fishing

• Fur trade

• Whale oil

• Leather

• Rum

the New England Colonies (MA, RI, NH, CT)

Economic Activities of this colony:

• Manufactured goods like Agriculture, Iron, and Grain

Middle Colonies (NY, PA, DE, NJ)

Economic Activities of this colony:

• Cash crops like grain, indigo, rice, tobacco, and sugar

Southern Colonies (VA, MD, GA, NC, SC)

The exchange items in the triangle trade system

Guns, textiles, and rum — sold in exchange for — slaves

they were shipped to the Americas

Slaves — sold to produce — raw materials

they were shipped back to Europe and sold for profits

2 significances of the Triangular Trade system on colonial economic development for Europe

• wealth to European merchants

• helped to fuel the growth of the British & French empires

2 significances of the Triangular Trade system on colonial economic development for the Americas

• slave-based plantation system became the backbone of the colonial economies & generated enormous profits for plantation owners. 

• The demand for raw materials ignited the growth of industries such as shipping, banking, and insurance

4 significances of the Triangular Trade system on colonial economic development for Africa

• The transatlantic slave trade took millions from their homes & sold into slavery

• Created political instability & social unrest 

• disrupted traditional economic systems 

• Reduced the population available for agricultural & industrial production.

7 causes of the American Revolution

1. French & Indian War / 7 years war

2. Stamp At

3. Townshend Acts

4. Tea Act

5. Boston Tea Party

6. Boston Massacre

7. Intolerable Acts

3 significances of the French & Indian War

1. Britain gained Canada from the French & Florida from Spain

2. Colonists had to pay new taxes to pay for war

3. Settlement opportunities opened to the Mississippi River

The Stamp Act

British imposed tax on all paper documents in colonies to pay for the French & Indian War

2 significances of the Stamp Act

1. Colonists argues taxation without representation

2. Violators were prosecuted by jury-less trial

The Townshend Acts

The British taxed everyday goods imported to the colonies (glass, paint, paper, tea)

Reason why the Townshend Acts began (1767)

Colonists began producing their own goods, reducing British imports

The significance of the Townshend Acts (1767)

Colonists argued (again) taxation without representation

The Tea Act (1773)

a British law to bail out the struggling East India Company

Gave them a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies, allowing them to ship tea directly to colonists and bypass colonial merchants.

The significance of the Tea Act (1773)

Colonists began boycotting tea

The Boston Tea Party initiators

The Sons of Liberty

The Boston Tea Party (Dec 1773)

A protest the tax & the tea monopoly.

The Sons of Liberty boarded 3 ships & dumped hundreds of pounds of tea imported by the EIC into the Boston Harbor

Consequence of the Boston Tea Party (1773)

Britain responded with the Intolerable Acts (1774) punishing Boston & closing the harbor

The Boston Massacre (1770)

A mob of colonists taunted & threw objects at British soldiers, who then fired into the crowd without a direct order.

Outcome of the Boston Massacre (1770)

5 colonists were killed, several others were wounded.

The martyr of the American Revolution for the Boston Massacre (1770)

Crispus Attucks

The significance of the Boston Massacre (1770)

It was used as propaganda to highlight British brutality, increasing public support for independence.

John Adams’ role in the Boston Massacre (1770)

Was the lawyer for the British soldiers. Adams believed everyone deserved a fair trial & wanted to prove Boston upheld the rule of law

The significance of the Boston Massacre (1770)

It caused high tension & led to the removal of troops from Boston

The Intolerable Acts (aka the Coercive Acts) (1774)

punitive laws as punishment for the Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Act 1: Boston Port Act

Closed Boston Harbor until tea debt is paid

Intolerable Act 2: Massachusetts Government Act

banned town meetings

Intolerable Act 3: Administration of Justice Act

British officials immune to criminal prosecution

Intolerable Act 4: Quartering Act

Forced colonists to house British soldiers in unoccupied buildings.

Intolerable Act 5: Quebec Act

Expanded Catholic Canadian territory southward, stripping land from American colonists.

Lexington & Concord (April 1775)

British troops march to Concord to seize colonial weapons from “minute men.” They were met by militiamen and no one knows who shot the first shot

“The shot heard around the world”

2 significances of the “shot heard around the world”

1. the first battle of the American Revolution

2. News spread of the formation of a Continental Army

America wanted to stop Britain leaving Boston area, so they fortified a hill to command the harbor in the night

Battle of Bunker Hill (June 1775)

The significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill

It proved that colonists could hold their own against the British

The significance of the Battle of Saratoga (1777)

led the French to ally with the Americans

The significance of the Delaware River (winter 1777)

Gen. George Washington crossed it to surprise British, which led to winning several battles northward

Washington spent the winter here to train his troops and prepare for a French alliance

The Valley Forge (winter 1777)

French/American troops trap & defeat Gen. Cornwallis'

The Battle of Yorktown (1781)

The significance of the Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Signifies the end of the American Revolution

The Treaty of Paris (Sept 3, 1783)

Ends the Revolutionary War

England recognizes America as an independent nation

This battle was an important early victory for the British.

The British forces, led by General William Howe, defeated the American Continental Army commanded by General George Washington. 

The Battle of Long Island (aka Battle of Brooklyn) (Aug 1776)

This battle was a successful nighttime assault on the British-held fort on the Hudson River.

Led by Gen. Anthony Wayne with Americans capturing it from the British.

Battle of Stony Point (July 16, 1779)

5 effects of the American Revolution on: Wealthy colonials

1. Gave opportunity to assert political power to protect their economic interests

2. Saw themselves as patriots & leaders of the cause for independence

3. Served as officers in the Continental Army

4. Donated money to support the war effort

5. Helped to create new state governments after the war

3 effects of the American Revolution on: Enslaved Africans

1. The Revolution initially offered hope for freedom

2. Some slaves were emancipated for fighting with the Patriots

3. Most slaveholders kept their slaves

The effect of the American Revolution on: Native Americans

1. Many Native American tribes tried to remain neutral or side with the British

2. Pushed aside as the American colonists continued their expansion westward

3. The new United States government did not respect their sovereignty or rights

4. The Native American population was decimated by disease, warfare, & forced relocation

3 effects of the American Revolution on: Women

1. The Revolution offered some opportunities for advancement

2. Some women took on new roles during the war - nursing, running family farms and businesses.

3. Abigail Adams advocated for women's rights during the Revolutionary period. She argued that women deserved to have legal rights & protections equal to those of men, including the right to vote. 

4. The political and legal rights of women did not change significantly after the war.

The 13 Articles of Confederation (1777-1787)

• Article 1: 13 colonies becomes "The United States of America."

• Article 2: Grants states sovereignty, freedom, & independence, keeping all powers not explicitly given to Congress.

• Article 3: "firm friendship" between states for mutual defense & security.

• Article 4: citizens can travel freely between states, enjoy equal rights, & extradite criminals.

• Article 5: a unicameral Congress where each state gets one vote, regardless of size.

• Article 6: Bans states from forming foreign alliances, keeping navies, or waging war without congressional approval.

• Article 7: states can appoint all military leaders

• Article 8: national war expenses will be paid by state funds

• Article 9: Gives Congress sole power to declare war & peace

• Article 10: Committee of States to run government when Congress is not in session.

• Article 11: Invites Canada to join U.S. & 9 states needed to approve any other colony.

• Article 12: Pledges to repay all war debts borrowed

• Article 13: Declares the Articles permanent & requires a unanimous vote of all 13 states to change

5 things the Federalists believed

1. wanted a strong central federal government 

2. less states power

3. protect property rights

4. Opposed Bill of Rights

5. Checks & Balances

5 things the Anti-Federalists believed

1. Opposed federal government

2. Wanted state governments to have power

3. opposed a central bank of the U.S.

4. Wanted a Bill of Rights

5. Opposed the Presidential power to veto legislation

85 essays published anonymously by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay explaining how the new gov’t would work.

Overall supported a central gov’t under a new constitution

Used to give insight into the original intent of the Framers

The Federalist Papers

5 delegates from different states came to draft new constitution

The Philadelphia Convention of 1787

Thomas Paine anonymously published this pamphlet & inspired the idea of independence in the colonies

Common Sense (Jan 1776)

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Revised the Declaration of Independence

John Adams & Ben Franklin

3 compromises of the Philadelphia Convention (1787)

1. The Great Compromise

2. The three-fifths Compromise

3. The Electoral College

3 points of the Great Compromise

• Established a bicameral Congress

• Representation in the H.O.R. is based on population

• Each state gets 2 senators

3 points of the Three-Fifths Compromise

• Southern states wanted slaves counted for H.O.R. representation

• Northern states said no because enslaved people were not as citizens

• Agreed that they would count 3/5 of the slave population towards representation in H.O.R.

The 3 conflicts of Electoral College

• The Legislative Side: Wanted Congress to choose president, fearing ordinary citizens lacked info to make a wise choice.

• The Popular Side: Wanted direct, nationwide popular vote, arguing president should be directly accountable to the people.

• The Small/Southern State Side: Against popular vote b/c large, populous Northern states would dominate all elections

The Electoral College Compromise

• The System: Created Electoral College, an indirect election system where citizens vote for local "electors."

• The Electors: Each state gets specific number of electors equal to its total number of Senators & Reps in Congress.

• The Vote: These electors then cast the official, final ballots to determine who becomes president.

The significance of the Electoral College

• Small States: Gained extra political power b/c every state gets at least two senators

• Slave States: Gained massive influence b/c they count enslaved people toward their electoral votes

Popular Sovereignty

places the people at the center of power rather than a monarch

Republicanism

a government that allows for majority rule while protecting the rights of the minority. 

Separation of Powers

3 branches of government to avoid tyranny

The Legislative Branch of Government

Congress: Senate & House of Representatives

Executive Branch of Government

• President

• Vice President

• The Cabinet

Judicial Branch of Government

• The U.S. Supreme Court

• Other Federal Courts

Checks & Balances

shared powers across the branches of government

Federalism

divides power between national and state governments.

• Federal government: national issues - defense, taxation, international & interstate trade, etc. 

• State government: local issues - public education, police powers, local infrastructure, licensing, & state economy.

Reason the Framers want the Separation of Church & State.

Many nations/states financially supported churches & went against other religions.

Many framers believed an established religion would create problems for the country

The Establishment Clause in Amendment I

prohibits government from favoring one religion or establishing an official religion.