Amendments

1st Amendment Act, 1951

State empowered to make special provisions for socially and economically backward classes.

1st Amendment Act, 1951

Ninth Schedule added to protect land reforms and other laws from judicial review.

1st Amendment Act, 1951

Articles 31A and 31B added.

7th Amendment Act, 1956

Implementation of the State Reorganisation Act.

7th Amendment Act, 1956

Amended 2nd and 7th Schedules of the Constitution.

10th Amendment Act, 1961

Nagaland given statehood and special provisions made for it.

24th Amendment Act, 1971

Amended Articles 13 and 368 regarding Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution.

24th Amendment Act, 1971

Parliament empowered to amend Fundamental Rights.

25th Amendment Act, 1971

Article 31C added regarding relationship between DPSP and Fundamental Rights.

25th Amendment Act, 1971

Articles 39(b) and 39(c) given primacy over Articles 14, 19 and 31.

26th Amendment Act, 1971

Privy purses and privileges of princely rulers abolished.

34th Amendment Act, 1974

Land ceiling and land tenure reforms added to Ninth Schedule.

38th Amendment Act, 1975

Emergency proclamations and ordinances made non-justiciable

38th Amendment Act, 1975

President empowered to declare multiple national emergencies on different grounds simultaneously.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Words “Socialist”, “Secular” and “Integrity” added to the Preamble.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies extended from 5 years to 6 years.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

President bound to act on advice of Council of Ministers under Article 74.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Article 32A denied Supreme Court power to consider constitutional validity of State laws.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Article 131A gave Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction over constitutional validity of Central laws.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Article 144A fixed minimum 7 judges and 2/3 majority to declare a law unconstitutional.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Restrictions imposed on High Courts’ writ powers.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Article 257A enabled Centre to deploy armed forces in States for grave law and order situations.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

DPSPs given primacy over Fundamental Rights under Articles 14, 19 and 31.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

Fundamental Duties added under Article 51A.

42nd Amendment Act, 1976

President authorised to proclaim emergency in any part of the country.

44th Amendment Act, 1978

Term of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies restored to 5 years.

44th Amendment Act, 1978

Removed 39th Amendment restricting Supreme Court jurisdiction over Presidential and Vice-Presidential election disputes.

44th Amendment Act, 1978

Council of Ministers required to reconsider advice if asked by President under Article 74(1).

44th Amendment Act, 1978

Article 257A removed.

44th Amendment Act, 1978

Right to Property removed from Fundamental Rights and made a legal right.

51st Amendment Act, 1984

Reservation of seats provided for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram, and in Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.

52nd Amendment Act, 1985

Anti-defection law introduced to prevent political defections.

61st Amendment Act, 1989

Voting age reduced from 21 years to 18 years.

65th Amendment Act, 1990

National Commission for SCs and STs included under Article 338.

69th Amendment Act, 1991

Delhi made National Capital Territory with 70-member Assembly and 7-member Council of Ministers.

73rd Amendment Act, 1992

Panchayati Raj Institutions included under Eleventh Schedule.

73rd Amendment Act, 1992

Three-tier Panchayati Raj system introduced.

73rd Amendment Act, 1992

Reservation for SCs, STs and one-third seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions.

74th Amendment Act, 1992

Constitutional status given to Urban Local Bodies under Twelfth Schedule.

76th Amendment Act, 1994

Tamil Nadu reservation quota increased to 69%.

77th Amendment Act, 1995

State empowered to provide reservation in promotions for SCs and STs.

80th Amendment Act, 2000

Alternative tax-sharing scheme between Union and States enacted.

85th Amendment Act, 2001

Consequential seniority in promotions provided for SC and ST government servants.

86th Amendment Act, 2002

Right to free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 added under Article 21A.

91st Amendment Act, 2003

Size of Council of Ministers limited at Centre and States.

93rd Amendment Act, 2005

Reservation for socially and educationally backward classes in private unaided educational institutions.

97th Amendment Act, 2012

“Cooperative Societies” added under Part IXB.

97th Amendment Act, 2012

Promotion of Cooperative Societies encouraged under DPSPs.

99th Amendment Act, 2014

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) established.

100th Amendment Act, 2015

Ratified India-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement.

100th Amendment Act, 2015

First Schedule amended for exchange of disputed territories with Bangladesh.

101st Amendment Act, 2017

Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced.

102nd Amendment Act, 2018

National Commission for Backward Classes given constitutional status.

103rd Amendment Act, 2019

Up to 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) introduced under Article 15.

104th Amendment Act, 2020

Reservation of seats for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies extended to 80 years.

104th Amendment Act, 2020

Reserved seats for Anglo-Indians in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies removed.