Diseases of the Nervous System

H. influenzae meningitis - causative agent

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

H. influenzae meningitis - transmission

Respiratory droplets

H. influenzae meningitis - key symptoms

Fever, stiff neck, vomiting, neurological symptoms

H. influenzae meningitis - treatment

Antibiotics (ceftriaxone)

H. influenzae meningitis - prevention

Hib vaccine

Meningococcal meningitis - causative agent

Neisseria meningitidis

Meningococcal meningitis - transmission

Respiratory droplets and close contact

Meningococcal meningitis - key symptoms

Fever, headache, neck stiffness, rash

Meningococcal meningitis - treatment

Penicillin or ceftriaxone

Meningococcal meningitis - prevention

Meningococcal vaccine

Pneumococcal meningitis - causative agent

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcal meningitis - transmission

Respiratory droplets

Pneumococcal meningitis - symptoms

Fever, chills, headache, stiff neck

Pneumococcal meningitis - treatment

Vancomycin + ceftriaxone

Pneumococcal meningitis - prevention

PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines

Tetanus - causative agent

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus - transmission

Contaminated wounds/soil

Tetanus - hallmark symptom

Lockjaw (muscle stiffness and spasms)

Tetanus - treatment

Antitoxin, muscle relaxants, supportive care

Tetanus - prevention

DTaP/Tdap vaccine

Botulism - causative agent

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism - transmission

Contaminated food, wounds, honey in infants

Botulism - hallmark symptom

Flaccid paralysis

Botulism - additional symptoms

Vision problems and difficulty breathing

Botulism - treatment

Antitoxin and supportive care

Botulism - prevention

Proper food handling and avoiding honey in infants

Leprosy - causative agent

Mycobacterium leprae

Leprosy - transmission

Prolonged contact with infected secretions

Leprosy - symptoms

Skin lesions, nerve damage, sensory loss

Leprosy - treatment

Rifampin + dapsone + clofazimine

Leprosy - prevention

Early diagnosis and treatment

Poliomyelitis - causative agent

Poliovirus

Poliomyelitis - transmission

Fecal-oral route

Poliomyelitis - symptoms

Flu-like symptoms and paralysis (severe cases)

Poliomyelitis - treatment

Supportive care

Poliomyelitis - prevention

IPV and OPV vaccines

Rabies - causative agent

Rabies virus

Rabies - transmission

Animal bite/saliva

Rabies - hallmark symptom

Hydrophobia

Rabies - additional symptoms

Fever, agitation, coma

Rabies - treatment

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

Rabies - prevention

Animal vaccination and PEP

Cryptococcal meningitis - causative agent

Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcal meningitis - transmission

Inhalation of spores from soil/bird droppings

Cryptococcal meningitis - symptoms

Headache, fever, stiff neck

Cryptococcal meningitis - commonly affects

Immunocompromised patients

Cryptococcal meningitis - treatment

Amphotericin B + flucytosine

African trypanosomiasis - causative agent

Trypanosoma brucei

African trypanosomiasis - vector

Tsetse fly

African trypanosomiasis - hallmark symptom

Sleep disturbances

African trypanosomiasis - additional symptoms

Fever and confusion

African trypanosomiasis - treatment

Suramin or melarsoprol

African trypanosomiasis - prevention

Avoid tsetse flies and use insect protection

Naegleria meningoencephalitis - causative agent

Naegleria fowleri

Naegleria meningoencephalitis - transmission

Contaminated water entering nose

Naegleria meningoencephalitis - symptoms

Headache, fever, stiff neck, seizures

Naegleria meningoencephalitis - treatment

Amphotericin B and miltefosine (limited success)

Naegleria meningoencephalitis - prevention

Avoid warm freshwater entering the nose