bio final, chapters 1-4 accumulation :)

Photosynthesis

production of energy for autotrophs

6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6h12O6+6O2

photosynthesis equation

xylem

transport water and mineral (H2O)

phloem

sugar, hormones (C6H12O6)

stomata

gases, water

roots

water minerals

transcription

water pulled up through plant

osmosis

movement of water across semi-permeable membranes from high to low concentrations

passive- requires no energy

Tugar pressure

pressure put on cell wall caused by water in cells

Active transport

energy and ATP required

passive transport

no energy required

Adhesion

due to polarity of water molecules

cohesion

tension theory of transcription

water molecules stick to each other (cohesion) because of

polarity- +/- H2O

cavitation

air bubble can break the tensile strength of a water column and block xylem

what controls transcription rate?

stomata

stomata open and closes with:

guard cells

solutes move in and out of cells to control:

water

guard cells pump solutes into cells:

AM

Guard cells actively pump solutes out of cells:

PM

what is the phloem comprised of?

sieve-tube elements , neighboring cells carry out metabolic functions for them and provide them with energy

pressure-flow theory

carbs move through phloem from sources to sinks

sources

photosynthetic tissues

sinks

includes growing roots and stem tips as well as developing fruits

photoreceptors

molecules that respond to light

phytochrome

changes shaoe when exposed to different forms of light

phototropism

growth towards light, directional growth responses to blue light involving auxin

gravitropism

response of all light to gravity

shoots exhibit what form of gravitropism?

negative

roots exhibit what form of gravitropism?

positive

Auxin

enhances cell elongation

cytokinin

promotes cell division

fruit ripening, flower wilting, leaves falling

Ethylene

Absicission

caused by high levels of ethylene

CHON

macronutrients

through stomata

CO2, O2

through roots

H2O

active uptake of roots as NO3 or NH4

N

how do plants obtain water and nutrients

soil and roots

Legume symbiosis with Rhizobium

Carnivory

symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi

plant strategies for obtaining N

Abiotic threats

weather, frost, fire, etc,

biotic threats

viruses, bacteria, fungi, Animals, Plants, Invasive species, etc

plants first line of defense

Dermal tissue

waxy secretions

roots= suberin , shoots= cuetin

thick cell wall and thorns+trichomes

rigid cellulose

receive sensory input

nervous system function

processes into body

nervous system function

generate response (e.g. motor, glands)

nervous system reponse

simplest nervous system

cnidarians

no centralization

nerve net

ladder like nervous system

Planarias

nerve tissue concentrated in head

cephalization

brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

connects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body, acting as a communication network to transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands back out

peripheral nervous system

carry impulses to CNS

sensory

motor

carry impulses from CNS to effectors (Muscles, glands)

connect nerves to other neurons

intern neurons

what do interneurons provide?

complex reflexes and associative functions

no answer

anatomy of a neuron

the breakdown of myelin sheaths

mutiple sclerosis

stimulate muscles to contract

Acetylcholine

fight or flight response

Epinephrin and norepinephrine

controls body movements, pleasure pathways, memory

Dopamine

serotonin

regulation of sleep

activity of sensory receptors

reception

mechanoreceptors

recieve mechanical forces such as pressure

touch, fine detail

Meissner corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

pressure and high frequencies

free nerve endings in skin

sense pain, pressure, etc.

wavelengths correspond to:

pitch

Amp. wave corresponds to:

volume

Light and heat information received through wavelengths

Electromagnetic receptors

simple light sensory organs

light spots

taste and smell

Chromoreceptors

ear anatomy

fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscle

Hydrostatic skeleton

Epidermis and hardened cuticle

exoskeleton

exoskeleton limitation

must molt to grow, energy cost used to molt, increased vulnerability to prey

composed of rigid cartilage and bones (vertebrates)

endo skeleton

living tissue =

bones + cartilage- can respond to injury, light, stress, etc.

living bones

osteocytes

muscle types

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscles surrounded by plasma membrane called:

sarcolemma

sarcomere

region from one 2-line, to the next 2-line

sliding filament model of contraction

large muscles create

more force

motor units can alter

strength and precision of contraction

process of consuming, breaking down, and absorbing molecules for energy

digestion

proteins to

amino acids

fats to

lipid molecules

complex carbs to

simple sugars

receives and manipulates food

mouth

secretes from glands and moisturizes food

saliva

irritates carb digestion

salivary amylase

mixes and manipulates food

tongue

sharp and narrow, used for biting, cutting, and stripping

incisors

long crowns, used for seizing, pinching, tearing

canines

large surface, used for grinding and crushing

molars

food transferred to stomach through rhythmic muscle contractions

Esophagus

mechanical and enzymatic breakdown

stomach