social science grade 11 exam review

What is anthropology?

The science of human origins and culture.

What is psychology?

The science of the mind.

What is sociology?

The science of society.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

He believed that helping patients discover important events from their past (childhood) could help with diagnosis.

Who is Margaret Mead?

She proved that gender roles are not universal; they are formed by cultural history and upbringing.

Who is Karl Marx?

He is the founder of the conflict school of sociology.

What are the five steps of the Research Inquiry Method?

1. Identify a problem or question, 2. Develop a hypothesis, 3. Gather data, 4. Analyze data, 5. Draw conclusions.

What is psychoanalysis?

The belief that unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behaviour and relationships.

What is behavioural psychology?

Focuses on the prediction and control of behaviour, such as demonstrated in the Little Albert experiment.

What is cognitive psychology?

The study of how people perceive and deal with the environment, including learning, remembering, and reasoning.

What is material culture?

Physical aspects of culture, which include arts, literature, economic systems, music, food, and clothing.

What is non-material culture?

Abstract aspects of culture, such as social organization, customs, traditions, languages, religion, and government.

What does matrilineal mean?

Ancestry traced through mothers.

What does patrilineal mean?

Ancestry traced through fathers.

What does bilineal mean?

Ancestry traced through both parents.

What is linguistic relativity?

The idea that language not only labels reality but shapes our cultural reality and perception of the world.

What is foraging culture?

A culture characterized by hunting animals and gathering, often moving regularly with the seasons.

What is horticultural culture?

A culture that involves farming for a few years before moving, cultivating plants and domesticating animals.

What is agricultural culture?

A culture that employs advanced farming techniques using fertilizer and irrigation.

What is pastoral culture?

Societies that move with their herds across different seasons.

What are rites of passage?

The three-step process to mark life changes: 1. Segregation, 2. Transition, 3. Incorporation/Reintegration.

What is socialization?

The lifelong process through which we learn acceptable attitudes and behaviours.

What is a wild child?

A child who is not properly socialized due to isolation.

What was the Harlow Experiment?

An experiment that used baby monkeys to demonstrate that babies seek more than just food from their mothers; nurturing and comfort are essential.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The steady increase of intelligence scores observed over the past few decades.

What are psychotic disorders?

A disease of the mind involving a break from reality, such as schizophrenia.

What are anxiety disorders?

Feelings of anxiousness with psychological symptoms that interfere with everyday life, including OCD and phobias.

What are personality disorders?

Patterns of behaviour, mood, and social interaction that cause distress to the person or others.

What is authoritative parenting?

A parenting style that results in children who are emotionally healthy, socially adaptive, and perform well in school.

What is authoritarian parenting?

A parenting style that results in children who are relatively well-behaved but have weak social skills and higher anxiety.

What is permissive parenting?

A parenting style that results in children who feel loved and have higher self-esteem but lack self-discipline.

What is uninvolved/neglectful parenting?

A parenting style that results in children with low academic achievement and low self-esteem.

What was the Asch Experiment?

A study on conformity where 76% of subjects conformed to a wrong group answer at least once.

What was the Milgram Experiment?

A study on obedience to authority, where 65% of subjects were willing to administer the maximum voltage (450 volts).

What was the Zimbardo Experiment?

The Stanford Prison Experiment that showed humans quickly adopt roles such as guards and prisoners.

What are social institutions?

Systems like religion, education, family, and government that maintain order and stability.

What is the bystander effect?

A phenomenon where people are less likely to help if others are present, assuming someone else will intervene.

What is diffusion of responsibility?

The psychological cause of the bystander effect, where individuals do not feel personally responsible to act.

What is the contact hypothesis?

The theory suggesting that interpersonal contact between different groups can reduce prejudice.

What is deviance?

Any behaviour, trait, or belief that violates a social norm.

What is differential association theory?

The theory that we learn to be deviant through association with deviant peers.

What is Dunbar theory?

The theory that the maximum number of stable friends a person can have is 150.

What is frustration-aggression theory?

The theory that frustration is the primary feeling leading to aggression.