Exam 1 Physiology Study

A __________ is a proposed explanation about an observation that must be ___________. a. Hypothesis, Testable b. Prediction; Palpable c. Hypothesis; Absolutely True d. Proposal; Implied

Hypothesis, Testable

Water is formed by __________ bonds. This means that oxygen and hydrogen unequally share electrons forming a dipole with __________ positive and negative charges. a. Ionic; neutral b. Non-polar covalent; partial c. Non-polar covalent; neutral d. Polar-covalent; partial

Polar-covalent; partial

______________ resist abrupt and large changes in pH. a. Reactants b. Hydrogen - Hydroxide Sponges c. Electrolytes d. Buffers

Buffers

The primary structure of a protein includes amino acid sequences formed by __________ bonds. a. Hydrogen b. Phosphodiester c. Ionic d. Peptide

Peptide

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE) is an example of a __________ disease. This class of disease is caused by a pathogenic misfolded ____________. a. Prion; Protein b. Protease; DNA c. Pancreatic; Glycolipid d. Protease; Lipid

Prion; Protein

Identify the monomer of carbohydrates. a. Nucleotides b. Disaccharides c. Monosaccharides d. Amino Acids

Monosaccharides

Osmosis is the movement of ________________ through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of _____________ solute concentration to a region of ______________ solute concentration. a. Sucrose; low; high b. Water; high; low c. Water; low; high d. Glucose; high; low

Water; low; high

The minimum pressure required to resist osmosis is called? a. Osmotic Gradient b. Hydrostatic Pressure c. Hydraulic Pressure d. Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure

Water intoxication is caused by excessively drinking water in a short time period. A ____________________ solution would be responsible. a. hypotonic b. hypertonic c. isotonic

hypotonic

Voltage-gated ion channels are what type of macromolecule? a. Proteins b. Nucleic Acids c. Lipids d. Carbohydrates

Proteins

Match the letter to the correct neuron structure (A, B, C). a. Axon b. Axon Terminal c. Soma

A = Soma, B = Axon, C = Axon Terminal

Identify the type of neuron. a. Bipolar b. Multipolar c. Pseudounipolar

Multipolar

Identify the glial cells responsible for recycling neurotransmitters and forming the blood-brain barrier. a. Ependymal cells b. Microglia c. Oligodendrocytes d. Astrocytes

Astrocytes

White matter in the brain obtains its color from _____ dense __________ axons. a. Lipid; unmyelinated b. Proteins; unmyelinated c. Lipid; myelinated d. Proteins; myelinated

Lipid; myelinated

The sodium potassium pump moves ____ Na+ ions out of the cell while moving ___ K+ ions into the cell. a. 3; 2 b. 2; 4 c. 3; 4 d. 2; 3

3; 2

The resting membrane potential is primarily established by the movement of __________ ions _________ of the neuron. a. Potassium; out b. Sodium; out c. Calcium; out d. Chloride; into

Potassium; out

What is the correct order of an action potential? a. Depolarization, Hyperpolarization, Repolarization b. Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization c. Hyperpolarization, Repolarization, Depolarization d. Hyperpolarization, Depolarization, Repolarization

Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization

What threshold potential is needed to initiate an action potential in a neuron? a. 55 mV b. -65 mV c. -45 mV d. -55 mV

-55 mV

Local potentials are produced by the activation of ________________. a. Ligand-gated (receptor) channels; neurotransmitters b. Leaky channels; concentration gradients c. Voltage-gated channels; voltage change d. Sodium/potassium pump; ATP

Ligand-gated (receptor) channels; neurotransmitters

During an action potential, the transition from depolarization to repolarization occurs when the V.G. Sodium channels _________ and the V.G. potassium channels _________. a. inactivation-gate open; close b. activation-gate close; open c. activation-gate open; close d. inactivation-gate close; open

inactivation-gate close; open

Voltage-gated sodium channels have ____ gates which open and close at different stages of the action potential. a. 3 b. 4 c. 2 d. 1

2

Unmyelinated neurons conduct neural impulses through saltatory conduction. a. True b. False

False

The rate of signal propagation in a neuron is determined by axon ____________ and myelination. a. Potassium Channels b. Diameter c. Dendrites d. Length

Diameter

In a myelinated neuron, the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are located at _________________. a. Nodes of Ranvier b. They don't exist c. Soma d. Myelin

Nodes of Ranvier

Categorize neural fiber speeds. a. Type A b. Type B c. Type C

Type A = 120 m/sec, Type B = 15 m/sec, Type C = 2 m/sec

The absolute refractory period occurs after depolarization due to _______________. a. Voltage-gated sodium channels; Resting b. Voltage-gated calcium channels; Active c. Voltage-gated sodium channels; Inactive d. Voltage-gated potassium channels; Resting

Voltage-gated sodium channels; Inactive

Identify the type of voltage-gated channel located in the presynaptic terminal associated with neurotransmitter release. a. VG Potassium Channels b. VG Calcium Channels c. VG Chloride Channels d. VG Sodium Channels

VG Calcium Channels

_________________ is the term used to characterize all the inputs of the postsynaptic potential (EPSPs + IPSPs). a. Summation b. Addition c. Interaction d. Aggregation

Summation

Neurotransmitters are stored in ________________ located in the ________-synaptic terminal. a. Golgi bodies; Post b. Vesicles; Pre c. Endosomes; Post d. Lysosomes; Pre

Vesicles; Pre

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and MDMA target what presynaptic membrane protein? a. Glutamate Reuptake Transporter b. Calcium ion channels c. Acetylcholine Reuptake Transporter d. Serotonin Reuptake Transporter (SERT)

Serotonin Reuptake Transporter (SERT)

The neurotransmitter glutamate activates ionotropic receptors leading to ____________. a. EPSPs b. IPSPs

EPSPs

What enzyme degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft? a. Monoamine Oxidase b. Acetylcholinesterase c. Alcohol Dehydrogenase d. Acepase

Acetylcholinesterase

What neurotransmitter is derived from tyrosine and plays roles in coordinating movement and reward? a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Serotonin d. Dopamine

Dopamine

Early research of LSD led to the discovery of what neurotransmitter? a. Norepinephrine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. GABA

Serotonin

Which of the following best describes GPCR signaling? a. Ion channel transport b. GDP→GTP activates adenylate cyclase c. DNA binding d. GTP→GDP phosphorylation

GDP→GTP activates adenylate cyclase

Identify the secondary messenger molecule that adenylate cyclase activates. a. cAMP b. ATP c. PKA d. GTP

cAMP

The primary motor cortex is located in the ___________ gyrus of the frontal lobe. a. Lateral b. Medial c. Postcentral d. Precentral

Precentral

Nociceptors detect what type of stimulation? a. Proprioception b. Smell c. Pain d. Taste

Pain

First order sensory neurons synapse onto second order neurons located in the _____________________. a. Spinal cord b. Cortex c. Sympathetic chain ganglia d. Thalamus

Spinal cord

Referred pain is when pain is perceived in the skin but the origin is from _____________. a. Skeletal Muscles b. Fluids c. Visceral organs d. Bones

Visceral organs

The image below demonstrates the activation of a __________________. a. Chemoreceptor b. Photoreceptor c. Mechanoreceptor d. Thermoreceptor

Mechanoreceptor

Sound pressure waves: stereocilia move ______ the large stereocilia, ______ open ion channels. a. Toward; Tip-links b. Away; RYR gates c. Superiorly; Voltage-gates d. Away; Tip-links

Toward; Tip-links

What organ inside of the cochlea is responsible for detecting and converting soundwaves into neural signals? a. Retina b. Organ of Corti (Spiral Organ) c. Maculae d. Olfactory mucosa

Organ of Corti (Spiral Organ)