bio proteins

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Chain length. Condensation polymerisation occurs

What determines a protein’s primary structure?

A: The gene (DNA sequence) that codes for it.

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A: Local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds.

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

The overall 3D shape caused by interactions between R-groups (side chains), including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions.

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

When multiple polypeptide chains join together to form one functional protein.

Why is protein shape important?

Shape determines function — if shape changes, function may be lost (denaturation).

What is translation?

The process of converting mRNA information into a protein at the ribosome.

Where does translation occur?

At ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

What is a codon?

A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid.

what is a peptide bond

a covalent bond that is formed through a condensation reaction which links 2 amino acids togetherA strong covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another; links amino acids in the primary structure.

Hydrogen bond?

occurs between a slightly positive H and slightyly negative N or O, stabilizing protein structure.

disulphide bond

A strong covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids, contributing to protein stability and structure.

phosphodiester bond?

bond between phosphate group and dexyribose sugar

Q: Does denaturation affect the primary structure?

No. Denaturation disrupts hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, and hydrophobic interactions (secondary, tertiary), but peptide bonds stay intact.

Q: What causes denaturation?

A: High temperature, extreme pH, or chemicals can disrupt protein folding.

Q: What interactions determine tertiary structure?

Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges between side chains.