HI105 TEE

Herodotus

Greek historian known as the "Father of History" who wrote about the Greco-Persian Wars

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands outside Europe

Walter Raleigh

English explorer and colonizer who sponsored settlements in North America

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after 1492

Mixed Constitution

Government combining monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy into one political system

Literal Advantage

Physical or geographic advantages that benefit a society or state

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who argued for natural rights and government by consent

Pilgrims

English Separatists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England who settled Massachusetts Bay

Virginia Charter

Document issued by King James I allowing English settlement in Virginia

Magna Carta

1215 English document limiting the power of the king and protecting certain rights

King Philip's War

1675-1676 conflict between Native Americans and New England colonists

Seven Years War/French and Indian War

1754-1763 war between Britain and France in North America

Sugar/Stamp/Tea/Coercive Acts

British laws that taxed and punished the colonies after 1763

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 uprising of Virginia settlers against colonial authorities and Native Americans

Glorious Revolution

1688 overthrow of King James II establishing constitutional monarchy in England

First Continental Congress

1774 meeting of colonial delegates to coordinate resistance to Britain

Articles of Confederation

First national government of the United States with weak central powers

Declaration of Independence

1776 document declaring American independence from Britain

Battle of Saratoga

1777 American victory considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War

Pennsylvania Abolition Law

1780 law that began gradual abolition of slavery in Pennsylvania

Common Sense

Thomas Paine pamphlet supporting American independence

Continental Army

Army created by the colonies and led by George Washington during the Revolution

NJ/Virginia Plan

Competing proposals for congressional representation at the Constitutional Convention

Northwest Ordinance

1787 law organizing western territories and banning slavery north of the Ohio River

3/5ths Compromise

Agreement counting enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation

The Federalist Papers

Essays supporting ratification of the Constitution

The Constitution

1787 framework establishing the United States government

Shay's Rebellion

1786-1787 uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting debt and taxes

The Bill of Rights

First ten amendments protecting individual rights and liberties

Haitian Revolution

1791-1804 successful slave revolt that created Haiti

Federalists

Early political party favoring strong national government and industry

Washington's Farewell Address

1796 speech warning against political parties and foreign alliances

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Program promoting federal debt assumption, a national bank, and industry

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against federal whiskey taxes in western Pennsylvania

Electoral College

System used to elect the president of the United States

Empire of Liberty

Thomas Jefferson's vision of expanding republican government and freedom

The Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws restricting immigrants and limiting criticism of the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Statements arguing states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition of French territory doubling the size of the United States

War of 1812

Conflict between the United States and Britain from 1812-1815

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement balancing slave and free states while limiting slavery expansion

The "Corrupt Bargain"

Claim that John Quincy Adams became president through a deal with Henry Clay

Populism

Political movement supporting the interests of ordinary people against elites

Erie Canal

1825 canal connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean through New York

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy warning European nations not to interfere in the Americas

Discovery Doctrine

European legal principle claiming Christian nations could claim non-Christian lands

English Industrial Revolution

Period of industrial and technological growth beginning in Britain

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement encouraging reform and evangelical Christianity

Nativism

Belief favoring native-born Americans over immigrants

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 slave uprising in Virginia led by Nat Turner

Republican Motherhood

Idea that women should raise virtuous republican citizens

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit

Karl Marx

German philosopher who developed communist theory and criticized capitalism

Nullification Crisis

1832 conflict over South Carolina's attempt to reject federal tariffs

Panic of 1837

Major economic depression during Martin Van Buren's presidency

Indian Removal Act

1830 law authorizing relocation of Native Americans westward

Second Bank of the United States

National bank targeted by Andrew Jackson during the Bank War

Dahlonega Gold Rush

1828 Georgia gold rush increasing pressure on Cherokee lands

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to ban slavery in territory gained from Mexico

Manifest Destiny

Belief that Americans were destined to expand across North America

Free Soil Movement

Political movement opposing the spread of slavery into western territories

Texas Annexation

1845 incorporation of Texas into the United States

Mexican-American War

1846-1848 war between the United States and Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War and ceding land to the U.S.

Compromise of 1850

Set of laws addressing slavery and territorial issues after the Mexican-American War

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 law allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict over slavery in Kansas during the 1850s

Dred Scott v. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court case denying citizenship to African Americans

John Brown's Raid

1859 attack on Harpers Ferry intended to start a slave revolt

Election of 1860

Presidential election resulting in Abraham Lincoln's victory and southern secession

Draft Riots

1863 violent protests in New York City against Civil War conscription

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order freeing enslaved people in Confederate territory

13th Amendment

1865 amendment abolishing slavery in the United States

Battle of Gettysburg

1863 major Union victory and turning point in the Civil War

Appomattox

1865 site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant

United States Colored Troops (USCT)

African American regiments that served in the Union Army

WPR

War Powers Resolution limiting presidential authority to deploy troops without congressional approval

14th Amendment

Amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Amendment prohibiting denial of voting rights based on race

Compromise of 1877

Political deal ending Reconstruction and removing federal troops from the South

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Law granting citizenship and equal rights to African Americans

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal agency assisting formerly enslaved people after the Civil War

Burlingame-Seward Treaty

1868 agreement encouraging friendly relations and immigration between the U.S. and China

Populist Movement

Late 19th-century movement advocating for farmers and workers

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case establishing "separate but equal"

Dawes-Severalty Act

1887 law dividing Native American tribal lands into individual allotments

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law banning most Chinese immigration to the United States

"Frontier Thesis"

Frederick Jackson Turner's idea that the frontier shaped American democracy

"The Money Question"

Debate over gold versus silver currency standards in the late 1800s

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation laws in the American South

Taylorism

System of scientific management focused on workplace efficiency

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict in which the U.S. defeated Spain

Philippine-American War

1899-1902 conflict after the U.S. annexed the Philippines

Muller v. Oregon

1908 Supreme Court case upholding limits on women's working hours

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace after World War I

Conservatism

Political philosophy favoring tradition and limited government change

Sedition Act of 1918

Law criminalizing criticism of the government during World War I