Units 8-9 Key Terms from AP prep book

Home Rule

movement in Ireland for self government and a break from England

Tsar Nicolas II

last Russian monarch before the Russian Revolution because of his terrible ruling and strategies causing widespread starvation and disastrous economy and oversaw the Russian Empire's participation in World War I and terrible defeats

Dual alliance

treaty with Germany under Bismarck and the austrian-hungary empire created in 1879

Reinsurance Treaty

treaty of bismarck and Russia to prevent a two front war and to not anger Russia over the dual alliance however ruined after Kaiser Wilhelm removed Bismarck from politics causing Russia to become an enemy

Entente Cordiale

the 1904 alliance of Britain and France resolving colonial disputes.

Triple entente 1907

result of the entente cordiale, reinsurance treaty and France and Russian alliance that turned France, Britain, and Russia into allies in WWI against Germany

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

the heir of Austria-hungary who represented the prosperity of the empire who was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb worsening the relationship of Austria-Hungary and Serbia due to disputes over Bosnia

Black Hand

a secret Serbian nationalist group with strong ties to the Serbian government officials who were responsible for the archdukes death

The July ultimatum 1914

the austrian ultimatum against Serbia that was extremely unreasonable to provoke a Serbian refusal to then justify war with Serbia

Jean Jaures (1859-1914)

the idealistic french socialist party leader who spoke out against WWI in 1914 and got assassinated by a fanatical french nationalist

Schlieffen Plan (1905-1914

a strategic German plan for a quick invasion of France through neutral Belgium to defeat france with the entire military then moving the entire military to Russia however it failed when Belgium resistance over the germans invasion and Great Britain joining the war. Initially the plan was successful but German troops were stopped near miles away from paris with a large french army causing statement for next 3 years

First Battle of the Marne (Sep 6 1914)

French versus Germany and first battle of WWI. It ended the Germans Schlieffen plan and saved Paris from take over and ended the possibility of a quick war

Winston Churchill (1874-1965)

WWI involvement- served as First Lord of the Admiralty and organized a failed plan to defeat the Turks that almost ruined his carrier

WWII involvement- British prime minister who rallied the nation against Nazi Germany, refusing surrender when Britain stood alone. His defiance, strategic alliance-building, and inspiring oratory were critical to Allied victory

Battle of Verdun (feb 1916-dec 1916)

The Germans massive attack against the frenches fortress of Verdun, a key fortress that France had to protect to keep public opinion at rest. The french were seemingly going to lose but then stayed strong creating a stalemate.

Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916)

a major WWI offensive crucial when British tried relieving pressure on the French at Verdun, wearing down the German army through attrition, and forcing a strategic German retreat to the Hindenburg Line

Battle of Passchendaele (july-november 1917)

british against the Germans trying to break German lines that is now a symbol of the futility, mud, and immense human cost of World War I

Zimmermann Telegram (January 17, 1917)

a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office that proposed a military contract between the German Empire and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany. caused united states to be more inclined to join WWI

Lusitania sinking 1915

the Germans sinking a British passenger boat with 120 American passengers. The United States forced Germany to stop but in 1917 Germany continued sinking boats causing the US to declare war on germany

The armistice (Nov 11 1918)

Once realizing they lost, the Germans contacted President Woodrow Wilson of the United States for an armistice (end of shooting) based on woodrow wilson’s 14 points

Fourteen Points (Jan 1918)

Woodrow Wilson’s speech that outlined a vision for a just and lasting peace after World War I by addressing the causes, proposing principles like open diplomacy, free trade, arms reduction, and national self-determination, with the most famous point calling for a "general association of nations" (the League of Nations) to ensure political independence and territorial integrity for all states

right to vote 1918

the British reward to women for their help in WWI granting them female suffrage

influenza after WWI

sudden outbreak that killed 30 million lives worldwide that caused massive labor shortages, disrupting daily life, and accelerating public health reforms

Treaty of Versaille (June 28 1919)

Three major participants- Woodrow Wilson (goal of lasting peace), Georges Clemenceau (French leader with goal of punishing Germany), and David LLoyd-George (british leader who also wanted Germany punished

forced Germany to accept full responsibility for the war (Article 231), pay massive reparations (132 billion gold marks), reduce its military to 100,000 troops, and surrender territory and overseas colonies, which fueled German resentment and contributed to the rise of the Nazi party

New countries of 1918

Czechoslovakia, Hungary(reduced in size but now independent) Romania(created from austria), Yugoslavia (new larger Serbian state), Independent Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

Empress Alexandra and Gregory Rasputin

Alexandra left in charge when Nicholas II was at war and she was greatly influenced by Rasputin who saved her sons life. Alexandra was also German born and said to be helping Germany beat russia contributing to the Russian revolution

Duma

provisional russian parliament that arose from 1905 revolution that was tasked with writing a constitution however was ignored by Nicolas II

Menshevik

a fraction of the Russia socialist party that was moderate and marxist that advocated for a broad-based, democratic party, reformism, and a staged approach to socialism via a bourgeois revolution

socialist revolutionary wing

fraction of russian socialist party that wanted peasants to own the land and political democracy and a violent revolution against the government

Bolsheviks

believed in revolutionary Marxism, aiming to overthrow capitalism and the Tsarist autocracy to establish a socialist state run by workers. led the russian revolution under Lenin and founded the USSR

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

the leader of the Bolsheviks that led the October Revolution, which established the world's first communist state

Leon Trotsky (1870-1940)

the Bolshevik figurehead after Lenin’s death that had controlled the military aspects during the russian revolution and civil war and was Lenin’s chosen successor until overpowered by Stalin

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1917

the agreement between Germany and Russia ending Russian involvement in WWI due to political instability and revolutions inside of Russia. Very harsh terms that led to Russia losing lots of territory however due to germany’s defeat became independent lands.

Weimar Republic (1918-1933)

Germany’s democratic government established after WWI and the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Known for political instability, severe economic crises (including 1923 hyperinflation), and cultural vibrancy, the republic collapsed following the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler

Friedrich Ebert (1871-1925)

The first president of the weimar republic that was forced to accept the treaty of Versailles and tried to create stability but failed due to constant rebellions from the left and right

Free Corps (1918-1919)

voluntary paramilitary groups that were often far right extremists that were supposed to help the weimar Republic stop strikes and create stability

Kapp Putsch 1920

a failed right-wing coup attempt that sought to overthrow Germany's Weimar Republic, return to an autocratic government, and prevent the disarmament of paramilitary forces

hyperinflation

a massive economic crisis driven by printing money to pay WWI reparations caused by bad governing in the Weimar republic

Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)

a German statesman during the Weimar Republic who served as chancellor of Germany from August to November 1923 and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929 that stabilized Germany and bettered foreign relations

Locarno Agreement 1925

the agreement between Germany and France that accepted current borders meaning giving France Alsace-Lorraine and the withdrawal of french troops from the rhineland even joining the league of nations the following year

White Forces

a term for the anti communist forces including monarchist and republicans who were supported by Britain and France and fought in the russian civil war

Red terror

a terror launched by trotsky and Lenin that attached right wing extremists and even fellow socialists not in the Bolsheviks party. ended in them winning the civil war and establishing the USSR

Third International/Communist international (1919-1943) (Comintern)

Marxist political international that advocated world communism created by Lenin

New economic policy (NEP) (1921-1928)

a Soviet economic strategy designed to revive the economy after the Russian Civil War and the damage of "War Communism". It permitted limited capitalism, such as private trade and profit-driven agriculture, while the state maintained control of major industries and was implement until stalin’s 5 year plans

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1953, transforming it into an industrial and military superpower. He led the USSR to victory in World War II but ruled via a totalitarian, brutal regime, causing millions of deaths through forced collectivization, famine, and political purges

Five-Year Plans (1928-1941)

Stalin's Five-Year Plans, beginning in 1928, were state-driven economic initiatives aimed at rapidly transforming the Soviet Union from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. Focusing on heavy industry (steel, coal, energy) and forced collectivization of agriculture, these plans achieved massive industrial growth but caused immense human suffering, including famine, forced labor, and millions of deaths

gold standard

is a monetary system where a country's currency value is directly linked to a specific amount of gold, allowing paper money to be converted into gold. It serves as a benchmark for stability but during the great depression forced countries to maintain high interest rates and restrict their money supply, preventing economic stimulation

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

during great depression challenged classical economics and provided the theoretical basis for government intervention to end the crisis. He argued that massive unemployment was caused by insufficient demand and that governments should use deficit spending to stimulate the economy

Franklin Roosevelt and New Deal 1933 and 1939

The New Deal was a series of U.S. federal programs, public work projects, and financial reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939. Designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform (the "3 Rs") during the Great Depression, it significantly expanded the federal government's role in the economy and prevented a total economic collapse

Fascism

a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology that emerged in early 20th-century Europe, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and the subordination of individual interests to the state. Key features include extreme nationalism, glorification of violence, militarism, and a cult of leadership

II Duce

italian for dictator often used to describe Mussolini. It signifies an authoritarian leader, embodying a cult of personality, strict state control, and the leader of the National Fascist Party

Fuhrer

used historically as a title by Adolf Hitler to signify his absolute authority

corporatism 1920-1930

mussolini’s word for an association of employers and workers within each industry that would deal with all issues regarding production and wages

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

famous as the founder of Italian Fascism and the dictator who led Italy from 1922 to 1943. Known as Il Duce (The Leader), he established a totalitarian state, allied with Hitler during World War II, and pioneered a political ideology emphasizing extreme nationalism, militarism, and the repression of democracy

National Fascist Party

founded by Mussolini that turned into a paramilitary squad (the blackshirts) to fight leftist organizations thus gaining support from factory owners who supplied money

King Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1900-1946)

ruled Italy and was forced to make mussolini the prime minister then abdicated and let mussolini take over. very timid and non opposing to fascism.

Lateran Pact 1929

settled the "Roman Question" by creating the independent Vatican City State under the Pope's sovereignty. It ended decades of tension following Italy's unification in 1870, with the Holy See recognizing Italy with Rome as its capital, while Mussolini’s fascist government garnered diplomatic prestige and Catholic support

Paul Von Hindenburg (1847-1934)

last president of the Weimar Republic that appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor and worsened germany’s economic situation.

Heinrich Bruning (1885-1970)

the leader of a middle of the road Catholic party that proposed an economic program that would do little to help and was unable to gain popular support

Nazis

a radical, right-wing, antisemitic, and totalitarian political movement led by Adolf Hitler using ultranationalism, scientific racism, and the expansion of territory, resulting in World War II and the Holocaust

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era that initiated world war II and was extremely racist to Jews and created the holocaust

Beer Hall Putsch 1923

a failed coup d'état led by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. represented the shift in the nazis party from violent revolutions to legal democratic power gaining

Mein Kampf

a book written by Hitler while in prison that outlined his extremist views and desire to overturn the Treaty of Versailles

Enabling Act 1933

a pivotal law that allowed Adolf Hitler to enact legislation without the approval of the Reichstag (parliament) or President. By enabling the government to pass laws deviating from the constitution, it essentially established a legal dictatorship, dismantling the Weimar Republic and facilitating the complete Nazification of German society

S.A. 1921

the nazi political army that played a large role in their rise to power

Night of the Long Knives (June 1934)

a brutal purge in Nazi Germany ordered by Adolf Hitler to consolidate power (eliminate perceived threats, secure the army's support, and establish a totalitarian dictatorship)

Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945)

the leader of the nazi ministry of propaganda responsible for gaining popular support and spreading positive misinformation

Hitler Youth 1926-1945

a program for indoctrinating the youth under nazi ideology to foster another generation of supporters and prepare them for life in Nazi Germany

Labour Party founded in 1900s

A British party that is has remained one of the largest in the UK that supports a centre-left political party rooted in democratic socialism, social democracy, and trade unionism, designed to represent working-class interests. Its core ideology focuses on reducing economic inequality through public ownership, strong workers' rights, a robust welfare state (NHS), and social justice

Liberal Party (1859-1988)

the British party that emphasizes individual liberty, equality, and internationalism, balancing personal freedom with social justice

David LLoyd George (1863-1945)

British prime minister from 1916-1922 known for encouraging civilian war efforts and promised a “land fit for heroes” but failed to meet these goals (example of democracy struggling prior to wwII)

“Popular Front” 1934

a collection of left and central parties that worked to block fascism from gaining power in france and it was successful.

Leon Blum (1872-1950)

the prime minister of France as a result of the popular front stopping fascism from spreading. he was the leader of the socialist party and solved some of the labor issues in france but issues began again due to the Spanish civil war

Matignon Agreement 1936

allowing of workers to collectively bargain with employers to reduce the work week and fully paid vacations as a result of socialists being in charge (Leon blum)

Spanish Civil War

fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalist rebels. Republicans were loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic and included socialists, anarchists, communists, and separatists, supported by the Soviet Union

General Francisco Franco (1892-1975)