Section C: Wolsey’s foreign policy

What were the key powers in Europe during Henry's foreign policy before Wolsey?

The Holy Roman Empire and France.

Who controlled the Holy Roman Empire by 1519?

The Spanish King Charles V.

What major war was occurring between Francis I and Charles V?

The Valois-Habsburg wars.

How did Henry VIII's power compare to France and the Holy Roman Empire?

He was a relatively minor player in Europe.

What was the only part of France still controlled by England?

Calais.

What was the outcome of Henry's attempt to invade France in 1512?

It was a humiliation and failed due to his army's drunkenness and disease.

What was one of Wolsey's aims in foreign policy?

To make England seen as equal to France and the Habsburg Empire.

What treaty did Wolsey organize in 1518?

The Treaty of London.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of London?

20 leaders of Europe signed up to a treaty of 'universal peace'.

What was a significant event at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520?

A week of feasting and an unplanned wrestling match between Henry and Francis.

What happened when Henry declared war on France in 1522?

He planned a joint attack with the Habsburg Empire, but the promised troops never arrived.

What treaty did Wolsey sign in 1525?

The Treaty of More.

What was the financial impact of the Treaty of More on Henry?

It cost him £430,000, leading to tax increases and forced loans.

What alliance did Wolsey help organize in 1526?

The League of Cognac.

How did Wolsey's actions complicate Henry's attempts to gain a divorce after 1527?

The pope became a prisoner of Charles V.

What happened to the Pope in 1527?

Habsburg troops ransacked Rome and the Pope became a prisoner of Charles V.

What led to discrediting England's status as a serious international player in 1528?

England declared war on Charles but sent no troops to fight.

What did Wolsey introduce against the Netherlands as part of his trade policy?

A trade embargo, which was later called off due to protests.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Landriano in June 1529?

Charles V defeated the French and Francis made peace with Charles.