A&P Lab Practical 4

What word could describe the position of the kidneys?

Retroperitoneal

What color is normal, healthy urine?

Pale Yellow

True or False: Normal, healthy urine is transparent.

True

What color is concentrated urine usually?

Deep Yellow

What three factors could alter the color of urine?

Drugs, Vitamin Supplements, and Diet

What visual characteristic may indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Cloudiness

True or False: The strong ammonia odor of fresh urine becomes more aromatic as it sits.

False

What two factors could alter the usual odor of urine?

Drugs and Vegetables

What is the pH range of normal, healthy urine?

4.5 - 8.2

True or False: Diet can alter the pH of urine.

True

What is the range of specific gravity for normal, healthy urine?

1.001 - 1.028

In urine, the more solutes present, the _______ the specific gravity.

Higher

Urine with a specific gravity below 1.001 is considered ________, while urine with a specific gravity above 1.028 is considered ________.

Dilute; Concentrated

A urinometer floats “_______” is dilute urine and “______” in concentrated urine.

Low; High

Should there be urea in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be glucose in normal urine?

No

Should there be sodium chloride in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be free hemoglobin in normal urine?

No

Should there be potassium chloride in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be albumin (protein) in normal urine?

No

Should there be creatine in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be ketones in normal urine?

No

Should there be uric acid in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be phosphates in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be ammonia in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be bile pigments in normal urine?

No

Should there be sulfates in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be nitrites in normal urine?

No

Should there be calcium in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be leukocytes in normal urine?

No

Should there be magnesium in normal urine?

Yes

Should there be erythrocytes in normal urine?

No

Should there be sodium bicarbonate in normal urine?

Yes

What is the medical term for more than 0.25 mg/ml of glucose in the urine?

Glucosuria

What is the medical term for when albumin (protein) particles pass through a damaged kidney filtration membrane and into the urine?

Albuminuria

What is the medical term for the excessive production or accumulation of fat intermediates causing ketones in the urine?

Ketonuria

What is the medical term for when hemoglobin is released into the plasma and filtrate due to erythrocyte breakdown, causing free hemoglobin in the urine?

Hemoglobinuria

What is the medical term for elevated bilirubin in the urine?

Bilirubinuria

What is the medical term for leukocytes or pus in the urine?

Pyuria

What is the medical term for when gram-negative bacteria form nitrites from nitrates, and the nitrites are then present in the urine?

Nitrituria

What is the medical term for erythrocytes in the urine due to a leakage through the filtration membrane?

Hematuria

________ is cell division to create identical somatic cells, while ________ is cell division to create unique sexual daughter cells.

Mitosis; meiosis

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• The chromatin condenses into chromatids and then into chromosomes.

• Homologous chromosomes synapse and create tetrads.

• Homologous chromosomes “cross-over” with each other.

• The nuclear envelope disappears.

• Centrioles begin to form spindle fibers.

Prophase I

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Homologous chromosomes align along the cell equator in their tetrad.

• The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

Metaphase I

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.

• A cleavage furrow begins to form.

Anaphase I

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes.

• Chromosomes unravel back into chromatin.

• Cleavage furrow leads to cytokinesis, causing the cell to split.

• Two haploid cells are produced.

Telophase I

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• The chromatin condenses into chromatids and then into chromosomes.

• The nuclear envelope disappears.

• Centrioles begin to form spindle fibers.

Prophase II

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Chromosomes align along the cell equator.

• The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

Metaphase II

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Centromeres split, and sister chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles.

• A cleavage furrow begins to form.

Anaphase II

What stage of meiosis is described below?

• Nuclear envelopes form around the single-chromatid chromosomes.

• Chromosomes unravel back into chromatin.

• Cleavage furrow leads to cytokinesis, causing the cells to split.

• Four haploid cells are produced.

Telophase II

What percentage of a normal genome is present in a sex cell?

50%

What are the phases of the menstrual (uterine) cycle in order?

Menstrual, Proliferative, Ovulation, Secretory, and Premenstrual

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle in order?

Follicular, Ovulation, and Luteal

During what day(s) of the menstrual (uterine) cycle does the menstrual phase take place?

1 - 5

During what day(s) of the menstrual (uterine) cycle does the proliferative phase take place?

5 - 14

During what day(s) of the menstrual (uterine) cycle does ovulation take place?

14

During what day(s) of the menstrual (uterine) cycle does the secretory phase take place?

14 - 26

During what day(s) of the menstrual (uterine) cycle does the premenstrual phase take place?

26 - 28

During what day(s) of the ovarian cycle does the follicular phase take place?

1 - 14

During what day(s) of the ovarian cycle does ovulation take place?

14

During what day(s) of the ovarian cycle does the luteal phase take place?

14 - 28

Ovarian follicles develop, and estriol is primarily released during what phase of the ovarian cycle?

Follicular Phase

Mature follicles rupture, and oocytes are released during what phase of the ovarian and uterine cycles?

Ovulation

The remnants of the mature follicle rupture become the corpus luteum, and then it shrinks into the corpus albicans during what phase of the ovarian cycle?

Luteal Phase

The functional layer of the endometrium is rebuilt during what phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

Proliferative Phase

The endometrium continues to thicken as mucus is released during what phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

Secretory Phase

Menstrual fluid forms, and there is a drop in progesterone during what phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

Premenstrual Phase

The functional layer of the endometrium is shed, leaving only the basal layer, during what phase of the menstrual (uterine) cycle?

Menstrual Phase

What is the term for the alternate or varying forms of a particular gene?

Allele

What is the term for two chromosomes that come from a mother and father that code for the same trait?

Homologous Chromosomes

What is the term for an area on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein?

Gene

What is the term for a characteristic that is caused by genetics?

Trait

What is the term for when both of the chromosomes in a particular pair carry the same allele?

Homozygous

What is the term for when both of the chromosomes in a particular pair carry different alleles?

Heterozygous

What is the term for when an allele is expressed in the phenotype regardless of the instructions carried by the other allele?

Dominant Gene

What is the term for when an allele is only expressed in the phenotype if it is present on both of the chromosomes of a homologous pair?

Recessive Gene

What is the term for the chromosomes and genes that are present on your nucleated somatic cells?

Genotype

What is the visible appearance that is a result of the combination of alleles present?

Phenotype

What is the term for a heterozygous condition in which both alleles are at least partially expressed?

Incomplete Dominance

What is the term for the inheritance of a trait that can only occur through one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y)?

Sex-linked Inheritance

What is the term for a box diagram that allows you to predict the probabilities that a given individual will have particular characteristics?

Punnett Square

What is the term for a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, with 46 chromosomes?

Diploid (2n) Cell

What is the term for a cell containing 23 chromosomes?

Haploid (n) Cell

What type of birth control method is a male condom?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is a female condom?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is a cervical cap with spermicide?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is a diaphragm with spermicide?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is a contraceptive sponge?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is spermicide?

Barrier

What type of birth control method is a combination pill?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is a patch?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is a ring?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is a minipill?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is an injection?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is an implant?

Hormonal

What type of birth control method is a hormonal IUD?

Intrauterine

What type of birth control method is a copper IUD?

Intrauterine

What type of birth control method is an emergency pill?

Emergency

What type of birth control method is an emergency IUD?

Emergency

What type of birth control method is fertility awareness?

Natural