A&P & Fundamentals

What is the body’s principal control system?

Nervous system

How does the nervous system regulate bodily functions?

Via electrical impulses through nerves

What do dendrites do?

Receive chemical messages from other neurons and convert them into impulses

What is the soma?

Central cell body

What does the axon do?

Sends messages (impulses) to other neurons

What is a synapse?

Small gap separating neurons between the axon terminal and dendrites

What is the axon terminal?

Buds at the end of the axon from which chemical messages are sent

What percentage of the body’s blood flow does the brain receive per minute?

Approximately 20%

What percentage of the body’s glucose does the brain consume?

25%

What is the cerebrum?

The main brain responsible for conscious thought

What is the function of the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?

Maintaining consciousness and ability to respond to stimuli

What is the diencephalon?

Interbrain

What does the diencephalon control?

Temperature, sleep, water balance, stress, and emotions

What is the mesencephalon?

Midbrain

What structures are contained in the mesencephalon?

Pons and medulla oblongata

What does the medulla control?

Respirations, blood pressure, and heart rate

What mnemonic is associated with the brainstem?

We live and die in the brainstem

How many total vertebrae are in the spine?

33

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

4

What is the main job of the meninges?

Protect the central nervous system

What mnemonic is used for the meninges?

PAD

What is the innermost meningeal layer?

Pia mater

Where is the pia mater located?

Directly on the CNS

What is the middle meningeal layer?

Arachnoid mater

What is the appearance of the arachnoid mater?

Web-like

What is the outermost meningeal layer?

Dura mater

What mnemonic is used for the cranial nerves?

On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How

CN I name

Olfactory

CN I function

Smell

CN II name

Optic

CN II function

Vision

CN III name

Oculomotor

CN III function

Eye movement and pupillary constriction

CN IV name

Trochlear

CN IV function

Down and inward eye movement

CN V name

Trigeminal

CN V function

Jaw movement

CN VI name

Abducens

CN VI function

Lateral eye movement

CN VII name

Facial

CN VII function

Facial movement

CN VIII name

Vestibulocochlear

CN VIII function

Hearing and equilibrium

CN IX name

Glossopharyngeal

CN IX function

Swallow and phonation

CN X name

Vagus

CN X function

Parasympathetic nervous system

CN XI name

Accessory

CN XI function

Shoulder shrug

CN XII name

Hypoglossal

CN XII function

Tongue movement

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Cholinergic system/Craniosacral system

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Maintain vegetative state and normal body activity

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use?

Acetylcholine

What are the major nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Vagus nerves (CN X)

What enzyme deactivates acetylcholine?

Acetylcholinesterase

What mnemonic is associated with the parasympathetic system?

Para Aces in Vagus

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

Adrenergic system/Thoracolumbar system

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Fight or flight

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use?

Norepinephrine

What enzymes deactivate sympathetic neurotransmitters?

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)

What is a parasympatholytic?

Drug that blocks parasympathetic effects

What is an example of a parasympatholytic?

Atropine

What is a sympathomimetic?

Drug that mimics sympathetic effects

What is an example of a sympathomimetic?

Epinephrine

What do Alpha-1 receptors cause?

Vasoconstriction, pupillary dilation, and decreased renin secretion

What do Alpha-2 receptors cause?

Vasodilation, bradycardia, and pupillary constriction

What mnemonic is associated with Beta-1 receptors?

You have 1 heart

What does Beta-1 stimulation increase?

Chronotropy, inotropy, and dromotropy

What mnemonic is associated with Beta-2 receptors?

You have 2 lungs

What does Beta-2 stimulation cause?

Bronchodilation and vasodilation

What is a selective Beta-2 agonist?

Albuterol

What is a nonselective Beta-2 agonist?

Dopamine

What are examples of selective beta-blockers?

Metoprolol and Atenolol

What is eupnea?

Normal respirations

What is tachypnea?

Increased respirations

What is bradypnea?

Decreased respirations

What is apnea?

No respirations

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

Periodic respirations with apnea and a crescendo-decrescendo pattern

What is Biot’s respiration?

Deep inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea

What is apneustic respiration?

Rapid respirations with deep gasping inspirations

What is apneustic respiration commonly associated with?

Stroke or trauma

What are Kussmaul respirations?

Rapid and deep respirations

What are Kussmaul respirations commonly associated with?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

What does AEIOU TIPS stand for?

Alcohol, Epilepsy, Insulin, Overdose, Uremia, Trauma, Infection, Psychogenic, Stroke/Syncope

What is AEIOU TIPS used for?

Ruling in or out causes of altered mental status or unconsciousness

What does DERM stand for?

Depth of coma, Eyes, Respiratory pattern, Motor function

What is DERM used to assess?

Severity of altered mental status

What mnemonic is associated with the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Extra Value Meal $4.56

What reflex indicates CNS dysfunction?

Babinski reflex

What is the Babinski reflex?

Dorsiflexion of the great toe and fanning of the other toes

What is decorticate posturing?

Deep cerebral brainstem injury with flexion toward the cord

What is decerebrate posturing?

Deep cerebral brainstem injury that is more severe than decorticate posturing